| Publication 925 |
2008 Tax Year |
Publication 925 - Main Contents
In general, you can deduct passive activity losses only from passive activity income (a limit on loss deductions). You carry
any excess loss
forward to the following year or years until used, or until deducted in the year you dispose of your entire interest in the
activity in a fully
taxable transaction. See Dispositions, later.
Before applying this limit on passive activity losses, you must first determine the amount of your loss disallowed under the
at-risk rules
explained in the second part of this publication.
Passive activity credits.
You can subtract passive activity credits only from the tax on net passive income. Passive activity credits include
the general business credit and
other special business credits, such as the credit for fuel produced from a nonconventional source. Credits that are more
than the tax on income from
passive activities are carried forward.
Unallowed passive activity credits, unlike unallowed passive activity losses, cannot be claimed when you dispose of your entire
interest in an
activity. However, to determine your gain or loss from the disposition, you can elect to increase the basis of the credit
property by the amount of
the original basis reduction for the credit, to the extent that the credit was not allowed because of the passive activity
limits. You cannot elect to
adjust the basis for a partial disposition of your interest in a passive activity.
See the instructions for Form 8582-CR for more information.
Publicly traded partnership.
You must apply the rules in this part separately to your income or loss from a passive activity held through a publicly
traded partnership (PTP).
You also must apply the limit on passive activity credits separately to your credits from a passive activity held through
a PTP.
You can offset losses from passive activities of a PTP only against income or gain from passive activities of the
same PTP. Likewise, you can
offset credits from passive activities of a PTP only against the tax on the net passive income from the same PTP. This separate
treatment rule also
applies to a regulated investment company holding an interest in a PTP for the items attributable to that interest.
For more information on how to apply the passive activity loss rules to PTPs, and on how to apply the limit on passive
activity credits to PTPs,
see Publicly Traded Partnerships (PTPs) in the instructions for Forms 8582 and 8582-CR, respectively.
Who Must Use These Rules?
The passive activity rules apply to:
-
Individuals,
-
Estates,
-
Trusts (other than grantor trusts),
-
Personal service corporations, and
-
Closely held corporations.
Even though the rules do not apply to grantor trusts, partnerships, and S corporations directly, they do apply to the owners
of these entities.
For information about personal service corporations and closely held corporations, including definitions and how the passive
activity rules apply
to these corporations, see Form 8810 and its instructions.
Closely held corporation.
A closely held corporation can offset net active income with its passive activity loss. It also can offset the tax
attributable to its net active
income with its passive activity credits. However, a closely held corporation cannot offset its portfolio income (defined
later, under Passive
Activity Income) with its passive activity loss.
Net active income is the corporation's taxable income figured without any income or loss from a passive activity or
any portfolio income or loss.
There are two kinds of passive activities.
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Trade or business activities in which you do not materially participate during the year.
-
Rental activities, even if you do materially participate in them, unless you are a real estate professional.
Material participation in a trade or business is discussed later, under Activities That Are Not Passive Activities.
Treatment of former passive activities.
A former passive activity is an activity that was a passive activity in any earlier tax year, but is not a passive
activity in the current tax
year. You can deduct a prior year's unallowed loss from the activity up to the amount of your current year net income from
the activity. Treat any
remaining prior year unallowed loss like you treat any other passive loss.
In addition, any prior year unallowed passive activity credits from a former passive activity offset the allocable
part of your current year tax
liability. The allocable part of your current year tax liability is that part of this year's tax liability that is allocable
to the current year net
income from the former passive activity. You figure this after you reduce your net income from the activity by any prior year
unallowed loss from that
activity (but not below zero).
Trade or Business Activities
A trade or business activity is an activity that:
-
Involves the conduct of a trade or business (that is, deductions would be allowable under section 162 of the Internal Revenue
Code if other
limitations, such as the passive activity rules, did not apply),
-
Is conducted in anticipation of starting a trade or business, or
-
Involves research or experimental expenditures that are deductible under Internal Revenue Code section 174 (or that would
be deductible if
you chose to deduct rather than capitalize them).
A trade or business activity does not include a rental activity or the rental of property that is incidental to an activity
of holding the
property for investment.
You generally report trade or business activities on Schedule C, C-EZ, F, or in Part II or III of Schedule E.
A rental activity is a passive activity even if you materially participated in that activity, unless you materially participated
as a real estate
professional. See Real Estate Professional under Activities That Are Not Passive Activities, later. An activity is a rental
activity if tangible property (real or personal) is used by customers or held for use by customers, and the gross income (or
expected gross income)
from the activity represents amounts paid (or to be paid) mainly for the use of the property. It does not matter whether the
use is under a lease, a
service contract, or some other arrangement.
Exceptions.
Your activity is not a rental activity if any of the following apply.
-
The average period of customer use of the property is 7 days or less. You figure the average period of customer use by dividing
the total
number of days in all rental periods by the number of rentals during the tax year. If the activity involves renting more than
one class of property,
multiply the average period of customer use of each class by a fraction. The numerator of the fraction is the gross rental
income from that class of
property and the denominator is the activity's total gross rental income. The activity's average period of customer use will
equal the sum of the
amounts for each class.
-
The average period of customer use of the property, as figured in (1) above, is 30 days or less and you provide significant
personal
services with the rentals. Significant personal services include only services performed by individuals. To determine if personal
services are
significant, all relevant facts and circumstances are taken into consideration, including the frequency of the services, the
type and amount of labor
required to perform the services, and the value of the services relative to the amount charged for use of the property. Significant
personal services
do not include the following.
-
Services needed to permit the lawful use of the property,
-
Services to repair or improve property that would extend its useful life for a period substantially longer than the average
rental,
and
-
Services that are similar to those commonly provided with long-term rentals of real estate, such as cleaning and maintenance
of common areas
or routine repairs.
-
You provide extraordinary personal services in making the rental property available for customer use. Services are extraordinary
personal
services if they are performed by individuals and the customers' use of the property is incidental to their receipt of the
services.
-
The rental is incidental to a nonrental activity. The rental of property is incidental to an activity of holding property
for investment if
the main purpose of holding the property is to realize a gain from its appreciation and the gross rental income from the property
is less than 2% of
the smaller of the property's unadjusted basis or fair market value. The unadjusted basis of property is its cost not reduced
by depreciation or any
other basis adjustment. The rental of property is incidental to a trade or business activity if all of the following apply.
-
You own an interest in the trade or business activity during the year.
-
The rental property was used mainly in that trade or business activity during the current year, or during at least 2 of the
5 preceding tax
years.
-
Your gross rental income from the property is less than 2% of the smaller of its unadjusted basis or fair market value. Lodging
provided to
an employee or the employee's spouse or dependents is incidental to the activity or activities in which the employee performs
services if the lodging
is furnished for the employer's convenience.
-
You customarily make the rental property available during defined business hours for nonexclusive use by various customers.
-
You provide the property for use in a nonrental activity in your capacity as an owner of an interest in the partnership, S
corporation, or
joint venture conducting that activity.
If you meet any of the exceptions listed above, see the instructions for Form 8582 for information about how to report any
income or loss from the
activity.
Special $25,000 allowance.
If you or your spouse actively participated in a passive rental real estate activity, you can deduct up to $25,000
of loss from the activity from
your nonpassive income. This special allowance is an exception to the general rule disallowing losses in excess of income
from passive activities.
Similarly, you can offset credits from the activity against the tax on up to $25,000 of nonpassive income after taking into
account any losses allowed
under this exception.
If you are married, filing a separate return, and lived apart from your spouse for the entire tax year, your special
allowance cannot be more than
$12,500. If you lived with your spouse at any time during the year and are filing a separate return, you cannot use the special
allowance to reduce
your nonpassive income or tax on nonpassive income.
The maximum special allowance is reduced if your modified adjusted gross income exceeds certain amounts. See Phaseout rule, later.
Example.
Kate, a single taxpayer, has $70,000 in wages, $15,000 income from a limited partnership, a $26,000 loss from rental real
estate activities in
which she actively participated, and is not subject to the modified adjusted gross income phaseout rule. She can use $15,000
of her $26,000 loss to
offset her $15,000 passive income from the partnership. She actively participated in her rental real estate activities, so
she can use the remaining
$11,000 rental real estate loss to offset $11,000 of her nonpassive income (wages).
Commercial revitalization deduction.
The special allowance must first be applied to losses from rental real estate activities figured without the commercial
revitalization deduction.
Any remaining part of the special allowance is available for the commercial revitalization deduction from the rental real
estate activities and is not
subject to the active participation rules or the phaseout based on modified adjusted gross income.
For more information about the commercial revitalization deduction, see Publication 954, Tax Incentives for Distressed
Communities.
Active participation.
Active participation is not the same as material participation (defined later). Active participation is a less stringent
standard than material
participation. For example, you may be treated as actively participating if you make management decisions in a significant
and bona fide sense.
Management decisions that count as active participation include approving new tenants, deciding on rental terms, approving
expenditures, and similar
decisions.
Only individuals can actively participate in rental real estate activities. However, a decedent's estate is treated
as actively participating for
its tax years ending less than 2 years after the decedent's death, if the decedent would have satisfied the active participation
requirement for the
activity for the tax year the decedent died.
A decedent's qualified revocable trust can also be treated as actively participating if both the trustee and the executor
(if any) of the estate
choose to treat the trust as part of the estate. The choice applies to tax years ending after the decedent's death and before:
-
2 years after the decedent's death if no estate tax return is required, or
-
6 months after the estate tax liability is finally determined if an estate tax return is required.
The choice is irrevocable and cannot be made later than the due date for the estate's first income tax return (including
any extensions).
Limited partners are not treated as actively participating in a partnership's rental real estate activities.
You are not treated as actively participating in a rental real estate activity unless your interest in the activity
(including your spouse's
interest) was at least 10% (by value) of all interests in the activity throughout the year.
Active participation is not required to take the low-income housing credit, the rehabilitation investment credit,
or commercial revitalization
deduction from rental real estate activities.
Example.
Mike, a single taxpayer, had the following income and loss during the tax year:
The rental loss came from a house Mike owned. He advertised and rented the house to the current tenant himself. He also collected
the rents and did
the repairs or hired someone to do them.
Even though the rental loss is a loss from a passive activity, Mike can use the entire $4,000 loss to offset his other income
because he actively
participated.
Phaseout rule.
The maximum special allowance of $25,000 ($12,500 for married individuals filing separate returns and living apart
at all times during the year) is
reduced by 50% of the amount of your modified adjusted gross income that is more than $100,000 ($50,000 if you are married
filing separately). If your
modified adjusted gross income is $150,000 or more ($75,000 or more if you are married filing separately), you generally cannot
use the special
allowance.
Modified adjusted gross income for this purpose is your adjusted gross income figured without the
following.
-
Taxable social security and tier 1 railroad retirement benefits.
-
Deductible contributions to individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and section 501(c)(18) pension plans.
-
The exclusion from income of interest from qualified U.S. savings bonds used to pay qualified higher education expenses.
-
The exclusion from income of amounts received from an employer's adoption assistance program.
-
Passive activity income or loss included on Form 8582.
-
Any rental real estate loss allowed because you materially participated in the rental activity as a real estate professional
(as discussed
later, under Activities That Are Not Passive Activities).
-
Any overall loss from a publicly traded partnership (see Publicly Traded Partnerships (PTPs) in the instructions for Form
8582).
-
The deduction for one-half of self-employment tax.
-
The deduction for domestic production activities.
-
The deduction allowed for interest on student loans.
-
The deduction for qualified tuition and related expenses.
Example.
During 2007, John was unmarried and was not a real estate professional. For 2007, he had $120,000 in salary and a $31,000
loss from his rental real
estate activities in which he actively participated. His modified adjusted gross income is $120,000. When he files his 2007
return, he can deduct only
$15,000 of his passive activity loss. He must carry over the remaining $16,000 passive activity loss to 2008. He figures his
deduction and carryover
as follows:
Exceptions to the phaseout rules.
A higher phaseout range applies to rehabilitation investment credits from rental real estate activities. For those
credits, the phaseout of the
$25,000 special allowance starts when your modified adjusted gross income exceeds $200,000 ($100,000 if you are a married
individual filing a separate
return and living apart at all times during the year).
There is no phaseout of the $25,000 special allowance for low-income housing credits or for the commercial revitalization
deduction.
Ordering rules.
If you have more than one of the exceptions to the phaseout rules in the same tax year, you must apply the $25,000
phaseout against your passive
activity losses and credits in the following order.
-
The portion of passive activity losses not attributable to the commercial revitalization deduction.
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The portion of passive activity losses attributable to the commercial revitalization deduction.
-
The portion of passive activity credits attributable to credits other than the rehabilitation and low-income housing credits.
-
The portion of passive activity credits attributable to the rehabilitation credit.
-
The portion of passive activity credits attributable to the low-income housing credit.
Activities That Are Not Passive Activities
The following are not passive activities.
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Trade or business activities in which you materially participated for the tax year.
-
A working interest in an oil or gas well which you hold directly or through an entity that does not limit your liability (such
as a general
partner interest in a partnership). It does not matter whether you materially participated in the activity for the tax year.
However, if your
liability was limited for part of the year (for example, you converted your general partner interest to a limited partner
interest during the year)
and you had a net loss from the well for the year, some of your income and deductions from the working interest may be treated
as passive activity
gross income and passive activity deductions. See Temporary Regulations section 1.469-1T(e) (4)(ii).
-
The rental of a dwelling unit that you also used for personal purposes during the year for more than the greater of 14 days
or 10% of the
number of days during the year that the home was rented at a fair rental.
-
An activity of trading personal property for the account of those who own interests in the activity. See Temporary Regulations
section
1.469-1T(e)(6).
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Rental real estate activities in which you materially participated as a real estate professional. See Real Estate Professional,
later.
You should not enter income and losses from these activities on Form 8582. Instead, enter them on the forms or schedules you
would normally use.
A trade or business activity is not a passive activity if you materially participated in the activity.
Material participation tests.
You materially participated in a trade or business activity for a tax year if you satisfy any of the following tests.
-
You participated in the activity for more than 500 hours.
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Your participation was substantially all the participation in the activity of all individuals for the tax year, including
the participation
of individuals who did not own any interest in the activity.
-
You participated in the activity for more than 100 hours during the tax year, and you participated at least as much as any
other individual
(including individuals who did not own any interest in the activity) for the year.
-
The activity is a significant participation activity, and you participated in all significant participation activities for
more than 500
hours. A significant participation activity is any trade or business activity in which you participated for more than 100
hours during the year and in
which you did not materially participate under any of the material participation tests, other than this test. See Significant Participation
Passive Activities, under Recharacterization of Passive Income, later.
-
You materially participated in the activity for any 5 (whether or not consecutive) of the 10 immediately preceding tax years.
-
The activity is a personal service activity in which you materially participated for any 3 (whether or not consecutive) preceding
tax years.
An activity is a personal service activity if it involves the performance of personal services in the fields of health (including
veterinary
services), law, engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, consulting, or any other trade
or business in which capital
is not a material income-producing factor.
-
Based on all the facts and circumstances, you participated in the activity on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis
during the year.
You did not materially participate in the activity under test (7) if you participated in the activity for 100 hours
or less during the year. Your
participation in managing the activity does not count in determining whether you materially participated under this test if:
-
Any person other than you received compensation for managing the activity, or
-
Any individual spent more hours during the tax year managing the activity than you did (regardless of whether the individual
was compensated
for the management services).
Participation.
In general, any work you do in connection with an activity in which you own an interest is treated as participation
in the activity.
Work not usually performed by owners.
You do not treat the work you do in connection with an activity as participation in the activity if both of the following
are true.
-
The work is not work that is customarily done by the owner of that type of activity.
-
One of your main reasons for doing the work is to avoid the disallowance of any loss or credit from the activity under the
passive activity
rules.
Participation as an investor.
You do not treat the work you do in your capacity as an investor in an activity as participation unless you are directly
involved in the day-to-day
management or operations of the activity. Work you do as an investor includes:
-
Studying and reviewing financial statements or reports on operations of the activity,
-
Preparing or compiling summaries or analyses of the finances or operations of the activity for your own use, and
-
Monitoring the finances or operations of the activity in a nonmanagerial capacity.
Spouse's participation.
Your participation in an activity includes your spouse's participation. This applies even if your spouse did not own
any interest in the activity
and you and your spouse do not file a joint return for the year.
Proof of participation. You can use any reasonable method to prove your participation in an activity for the year. You do not have to
keep contemporaneous daily time reports, logs, or similar documents if you can establish your participation in some other
way. For example, you can
show the services you performed and the approximate number of hours spent by using an appointment book, calendar, or narrative
summary.
Limited partners.
If you owned an activity as a limited partner, you generally are not treated as materially participating in the activity.
However, you are treated
as materially participating in the activity if you met test (1), (5), or (6) under Material participation tests, discussed earlier, for the
tax year.
You are not treated as a limited partner, however, if you also were a general partner in the partnership at all times
during the partnership's tax
year ending with or within your tax year (or, if shorter, during that part of the partnership's tax year in which you directly
or indirectly owned
your limited partner interest).
Retired or disabled farmer and surviving spouse of a farmer.
If you are a retired or disabled farmer, you are treated as materially participating in a farming activity if you
materially participated for 5 or
more of the 8 years before your retirement or disability. Similarly, if you are a surviving spouse of a farmer, you are treated
as materially
participating in a farming activity if the real property used in the activity meets the estate tax rules for special valuation
of farm property passed
from a qualifying decedent, and you actively manage the farm.
Corporations.
A closely held corporation or a personal service corporation is treated as materially participating in an activity
only if one or more shareholders
holding more than 50% by value of the outstanding stock of the corporation materially participate in the activity.
A closely held corporation can also satisfy the material participation standard by meeting the first two requirements
for the qualifying business
exception from the at-risk limits. See Special exception for qualified corporations under Activities Covered by the At-Risk Rules,
later.
Generally, rental activities are passive activities even if you materially participated in them. However, if you qualified
as a real estate
professional, rental real estate activities in which you materially participated are not passive activities. For this purpose,
each interest you have
in a rental real estate activity is a separate activity, unless you choose to treat all interests in rental real estate activities
as one activity.
See the instructions for Schedule E (Form 1040) for information about making this choice.
If you qualified as a real estate professional for 2007, report income or losses from rental real estate activities in which
you materially
participated as nonpassive income or losses, and complete line 43 of Schedule E (Form 1040). If you also have an unallowed
loss from these activities
from an earlier year when you did not qualify, see Treatment of former passive activities under Passive Activities, earlier.
Qualifications.
You qualified as a real estate professional for the year if you met both of the following requirements.
-
More than half of the personal services you performed in all trades or businesses during the tax year were performed in real
property trades
or businesses in which you materially participated.
-
You performed more than 750 hours of services during the tax year in real property trades or businesses in which you materially
participated.
Do not count personal services you performed as an employee in real property trades or businesses unless you were
a 5% owner of your employer. You
were a 5% owner if you owned (or are considered to have owned) more than 5% of your employer's outstanding stock, outstanding
voting stock, or capital
or profits interest.
If you file a joint return, do not count your spouse's personal services to determine whether you met the preceding
requirements. However, you can
count your spouse's participation in an activity in determining if you materially participated.
Real property trades or businesses.
A real property trade or business is a trade or business that does any of the following with real property.
Closely held corporations.
A closely held corporation can qualify as a real estate professional if more than 50% of the gross receipts for its
tax year came from real
property trades or businesses in which it materially participated.
Passive Activity Income and Deductions
In figuring your net income or loss from a passive activity, take into account only passive activity income and passive activity
deductions.
Self-charged interest.
Certain self-charged interest income or deductions may be treated as passive activity gross income or passive activity
deductions if the loan
proceeds are used in a passive activity.
Generally, self-charged interest income and deductions result from loans between you and a partnership or S corporation
in which you had a direct
or indirect ownership interest. This includes both loans you made to the partnership or S corporation and loans the partnership
or S corporation made
to you.
It also includes loans from one partnership or S corporation to another partnership or S corporation if each owner
in the borrowing entity has the
same proportional ownership interest in the lending entity.
Exception. The self-charged interest rules do not apply to your interest in a partnership or S corporation if the entity made an
election under Regulations section 1.469-7(g) to avoid the application of these rules. For more details on the self-charged
interest rules, see
Regulations section 1.469-7.
Passive activity income includes all income from passive activities and generally includes gain from disposition of an interest
in a passive
activity or property used in a passive activity.
Passive activity income does not include the following items.
-
Income from an activity that is not a passive activity. These activities are discussed under Activities That Are Not Passive
Activities, earlier.
-
Portfolio income. This includes interest, dividends, annuities, and royalties not derived in the ordinary course of a trade
or business. It
includes gain or loss from the disposition of property that produces these types of income or that is held for investment.
The exclusion for portfolio
income does not apply to self-charged interest treated as passive activity income. For more information on self-charged interest,
see
Self-charged interest, earlier.
-
Personal service income. This includes salaries, wages, commissions, self-employment income from trade or business activities
in which you
materially participated, deferred compensation, taxable social security and other retirement benefits, and payments from partnerships
to partners for
personal services.
-
Income from positive section 481 adjustments allocated to activities other than passive activities. (Section 481 adjustments
are adjustments
that must be made due to changes in your accounting method.)
-
Income or gain from investments of working capital.
-
Income from an oil or gas property if you treated any loss from a working interest in the property for any tax year beginning
after 1986 as
a nonpassive loss, as discussed in item (2) under Activities That Are Not Passive Activities, earlier. This also applies to income from
other oil and gas property the basis of which is determined wholly or partly by the basis of the property in the preceding
sentence.
-
Any income from intangible property, such as a patent, copyright, or literary, musical, or artistic composition, if your personal
efforts
significantly contributed to the creation of the property.
-
Any other income that must be treated as nonpassive income. See Recharacterization of Passive Income, later.
-
Overall gain from any interest in a publicly traded partnership. See Publicly Traded Partnerships (PTPs) in the instructions for
Form 8582.
-
State, local, and foreign income tax refunds.
-
Income from a covenant not to compete.
-
Reimbursement of a casualty or theft loss included in gross income to recover all or part of a prior year loss deduction,
if the loss
deduction was not a passive activity deduction.
-
Alaska Permanent Fund dividends.
-
Cancellation of debt income, if at the time the debt is discharged the debt is not allocated to passive activities under the
interest
expense allocation rules. See chapter 4 of Publication 535, Business Expenses, for information about the rules for allocating
interest.
Disposition of property interests.
Gain on the disposition of an interest in property generally is passive activity income if, at the time of the disposition,
the property was used
in an activity that was a passive activity in the year of disposition. The gain generally is not passive activity income if,
at the time of
disposition, the property was used in an activity that was not a passive activity in the year of disposition. An exception
to this general rule may
apply if you previously used the property in a different activity.
Exception for more than one use in the preceding 12 months.
If you used the property in more than one activity during the 12-month period before its disposition, you must allocate
the gain between the
activities on a basis that reasonably reflects the property's use during that period. Any gain allocated to a passive activity
is passive activity
income.
For this purpose, an allocation of the gain solely to the activity in which the property was mainly used during that
period reasonably reflects the
property's use if the fair market value of your interest in the property is not more than the lesser of:
Exception for substantially appreciated property.
The gain is passive activity income if the fair market value of the property at disposition was more than 120% of
its adjusted basis and either of
the following conditions applies.
-
You used the property in a passive activity for 20% of the time you held your interest in the property.
-
You used the property in a passive activity for the entire 24-month period before its disposition.
If neither condition applies, the gain is not passive activity income. However, it is treated as portfolio income only if
you held the property
for investment for more than half of the time you held it in nonpassive activities.
For this purpose, treat property you held through a corporation (other than an S corporation) or other entity whose
owners receive only portfolio
income as property held in a nonpassive activity and as property held for investment. Also, treat the date you agree to transfer
your interest for a
fixed or determinable amount as the disposition date.
If you used the property in more than one activity during the 12-month period before its disposition, this exception
applies only to the part of
the gain allocated to a passive activity under the rules described in the preceding discussion.
Disposition of property converted to inventory.
If you disposed of property that you had converted to inventory from its use in another activity (for example, you
sold condominium units you
previously held for use in a rental activity), a special rule may apply. Under this rule, you disregard the property's use
as inventory and treat it
as if it were still used in that other activity at the time of disposition. This rule applies only if you meet all of the
following conditions.
-
At the time of disposition, you held your interest in the property in a dealing activity (an activity that involves holding
the property or
similar property mainly for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business).
-
Your other activities included a nondealing activity (an activity that does not involve holding similar property for sale
to customers in
the ordinary course of a trade or business) in which you used the property for more than 80% of the period you held it.
-
You did not acquire or hold your interest in the property for the main purpose of selling it to customers in the ordinary
course of a trade
or business.
Passive Activity Deductions
Passive activity deductions include all deductions from activities that are passive activities for the current tax year and
all deductions from
passive activities that were disallowed under the passive loss rules in prior tax years and carried forward to the current
tax year. They also include
losses from dispositions of property used in a passive activity at the time of the disposition and losses from a disposition
of less than your entire
interest in a passive activity.
Passive activity deductions do not include the following items.
-
Deductions for expenses (other than interest expense) that are clearly and directly allocable to portfolio income.
-
Qualified home mortgage interest, capitalized interest expenses, and other interest expenses (other than self-charged interest)
properly
allocable to passive activities. For more information on self-charged interest, see Self-charged interest under Passive Activity
Income and Deductions, earlier.
-
Losses from dispositions of property that produce portfolio income or property held for investment.
-
State, local, and foreign income taxes.
-
Miscellaneous itemized deductions that may be disallowed because of the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit.
-
Charitable contribution deductions.
-
Net operating loss deductions.
-
Percentage depletion carryovers for oil and gas wells.
-
Capital loss carrybacks and carryovers.
-
Deductions and losses that would have been allowed for tax years beginning before 1987 but for basis or at-risk limits.
-
Net negative section 481 adjustments allocated to activities other than passive activities. (Section 481 adjustments are adjustments
required due to changes in accounting methods.)
-
Casualty and theft losses, unless losses similar in cause and severity recur regularly in the activity.
-
The deduction for one-half of self-employment tax.
You can treat one or more trade or business activities, or rental activities, as a single activity if those activities form
an appropriate economic
unit for measuring gain or loss under the passive activity rules.
Grouping is important for a number of reasons. If you group two activities into one larger activity, you need only show material
participation in
the activity as a whole. But if the two activities are separate, you must show material participation in each one. On the
other hand, if you group two
activities into one larger activity and you dispose of one of the two, then you have disposed of only part of your entire
interest in the activity.
But if the two activities are separate and you dispose of one of them, then you have disposed of your entire interest in that
activity.
Grouping can also be important in determining whether you meet the 10% ownership requirement for actively participating in
a rental real estate
activity.
Appropriate Economic Units
Generally, to determine if activities form an appropriate economic unit, you must consider all the relevant facts and circumstances.
You can use
any reasonable method of applying the relevant facts and circumstances in grouping activities. The following factors have
the greatest weight in
determining whether activities form an appropriate economic unit. All of the factors do not have to apply to treat more than
one activity as a single
activity. The factors that you should consider are:
-
The similarities and differences in the types of trades or businesses,
-
The extent of common control,
-
The extent of common ownership,
-
The geographical location, and
-
The interdependencies between or among activities, which may include the extent to which the activities:
-
Buy or sell goods between or among themselves,
-
Involve products or services that are generally provided together,
-
Have the same customers,
-
Have the same employees, or
-
Use a single set of books and records to account for the activities.
Example 1.
John Jackson owns a bakery and a movie theater at a shopping mall in Baltimore and a bakery and movie theater in Philadelphia.
Based on all the
relevant facts and circumstances, there may be more than one reasonable method for grouping John's activities. For example,
John may be able to group
the movie theaters and the bakeries into:
-
One activity,
-
A movie theater activity and a bakery activity,
-
A Baltimore activity and a Philadelphia activity, or
-
Four separate activities.
Example 2.
Betty is a partner in ABC partnership, which sells nonfood items to grocery stores. Betty is also a partner in DEF (a trucking
business). ABC and
DEF are under common control. The main part of DEF's business is transporting goods for ABC. DEF is the only trucking business
in which Betty is
involved. Based on the rules of this section, Betty treats ABC's wholesale activity and DEF's trucking activity as a single
activity.
Consistency and disclosure requirement.
Generally, when you group activities into appropriate economic units, you may not regroup those activities in a later
tax year. You must meet any
disclosure requirements of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) when you first group your activities and when you add or dispose
of any activities in
your groupings.
However, if the original grouping is clearly inappropriate or there is a material change in the facts and circumstances
that makes the original
grouping clearly inappropriate, you must regroup the activities and comply with any disclosure requirements of the IRS.
Regrouping by the IRS.
If any of the activities resulting from your grouping is not an appropriate economic unit and one of the primary purposes
of your grouping (or
failure to regroup) is to avoid the passive activity rules, the IRS may regroup your activities.
Rental activities.
In general, you cannot group a rental activity with a trade or business activity. However, you can group them together
if the activities form an
appropriate economic unit and:
-
The rental activity is insubstantial in relation to the trade or business activity,
-
The trade or business activity is insubstantial in relation to the rental activity, or
-
Each owner of the trade or business activity has the same ownership interest in the rental activity, in which case the part
of the rental
activity that involves the rental of items of property for use in the trade or business activity may be grouped with the trade
or business
activity.
Example.
Herbert and Wilma are married and file a joint return. Healthy Food, an S corporation, is a grocery store business. Herbert
is Healthy Food's only
shareholder. Plum Tower, an S corporation, owns and rents out the building. Wilma is Plum Tower's only shareholder. Plum Tower
rents part of its
building to Healthy Food. Plum Tower's grocery store rental business and Healthy Food's grocery business are not insubstantial
in relation to each
other.
Herbert and Wilma file a joint return, so they are treated as one taxpayer for purposes of the passive activity rules. The
same owner (Herbert and
Wilma) owns both Healthy Food and Plum Tower with the same ownership interest (100% in each). If the grouping forms an appropriate
economic unit, as
discussed earlier, Herbert and Wilma can group Plum Tower's grocery store rental and Healthy Food's grocery business into
a single trade or business
activity.
Grouping of real and personal property rentals.
In general, you cannot treat an activity involving the rental of real property and an activity involving the rental
of personal property as a
single activity. However, you can treat them as a single activity if you provide the personal property in connection with
the real property or the
real property in connection with the personal property.
Certain activities may not be grouped.
In general, if you own an interest as a limited partner or a limited entrepreneur in one of the following activities,
you may not group that
activity with any other activity in another type of business.
-
Holding, producing, or distributing motion picture films or video tapes.
-
Farming.
-
Leasing any section 1245 property (as defined in section 1245(a)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code). For a list of section 1245
property, see
Section 1245 property under Activities Covered by the At-Risk Rules, later.
-
Exploring for, or exploiting, oil and gas resources.
-
Exploring for, or exploiting, geothermal deposits.
If you own an interest as a limited partner or a limited entrepreneur in an activity described in the list above,
you may group that activity with
another activity in the same type of business if the grouping forms an appropriate economic unit as discussed earlier.
Limited entrepreneur.
A limited entrepreneur is a person who:
-
Has an interest in an enterprise other than as a limited partner, and
-
Does not actively participate in the management of the enterprise.
Activities conducted through another entity.
A personal service corporation, closely held corporation, partnership, or S corporation must group its activities
using the rules discussed in this
section. Once the entity groups its activities, you, as the partner or shareholder of the entity, may group those activities
(following the rules of
this section):
You may not treat activities grouped together by the entity as separate activities.
Personal service and closely held corporations.
You may group an activity conducted through a personal service or closely held corporation with your other activities
only to determine whether you
materially or significantly participated in those other activities. See Material Participation, earlier, and Significant Participation
Passive Activities, later.
Publicly traded partnership (PTP).
You may not group activities conducted through a PTP with any other activity, including an activity conducted through
another PTP.
Partial dispositions.
If you dispose of substantially all of an activity during your tax year, you may treat the part disposed of as a separate
activity. However, you
can do this only if you can show with reasonable certainty:
-
The amount of deductions and credits disallowed in prior years under the passive activity rules that is allocable to the part
of the
activity disposed of, and
-
The amount of gross income and any other deductions and credits for the current tax year that is allocable to the part of
the activity
disposed of.
Recharacterization of Passive Income
Net income from the following passive activities may have to be recharacterized and excluded from passive activity income.
-
Significant participation passive activities,
-
Rental of property when less than 30% of the unadjusted basis of the property is subject to depreciation,
-
Equity-financed lending activities,
-
Rental of property incidental to development activities,
-
Rental of property to nonpassive activities, and
-
Licensing of intangible property by
pass-through entities.
If you are engaged in or have an interest in one of these activities during the tax year (either directly or through a partnership
or an S
corporation), combine the income and losses from the activity to determine if you have a net loss or net income from that
activity.
If the result is a net loss, treat the income and losses the same as any other income or losses from that type of passive
activity (trade or
business activity or rental activity).
If the result is net income, do not enter any of the income or losses from the activity or property on Form 8582 or its worksheets.
Instead, enter
income or losses on the form and schedules you normally use. However, see Significant Participation Passive Activities, later, if the
activity is a significant participation passive activity and you also have a net loss from a different significant participation
passive activity.
Limit on recharacterized passive income.
The total amount that you treat as nonpassive income under the rules described later in this discussion for significant
participation passive
activities, rental of nondepreciable property, and equity-financed lending activities cannot exceed the greatest amount that
you treat as nonpassive
income under any one of these rules.
Investment income and investment expense.
To figure your investment interest expense limitation on Form 4952, treat as investment income any net passive income
recharacterized as nonpassive
income from rental of nondepreciable property, equity-financed lending activity, or licensing of intangible property by a
pass- through entity.
Significant Participation Passive Activities
A significant participation passive activity is any trade or business activity in which you participated for more than 100
hours during the tax
year but did not materially participate.
If your gross income from all significant participation passive activities is more than your deductions from those activities,
a part of your net
income from each significant participation passive activity is treated as nonpassive income.
Corporations.
An activity of a personal service corporation or closely held corporation is a significant participation passive activity
if both of the following
statements are true.
-
The corporation is not treated as materially participating in the activity for the year.
-
One or more individuals, each of whom is treated as significantly participating in the activity, directly or indirectly hold
(in total) more
than 50% (by value) of the corporation's outstanding stock.
Worksheet A.
Complete Worksheet A, Significant Participation Passive Activities, if you have income or losses from any significant
participation activity. Begin
by entering the name of each activity in the left column.
Worksheet A. Significant Participation Passive Activities
Column (a).
Enter the number of hours you participated in each activity and total the column.
If the total is more than 500, do not complete Worksheet A or B. None of the activities are passive activities because
you satisfy test 4 for
material participation. (See Material participation tests, earlier.) Report all the income and losses from these activities on the forms
and schedules you normally use. Do not include the income and losses on Form 8582.
Column (b).
Enter the net loss, if any, from the activity. Net loss from an activity means either:
-
The activity's current year net loss (if any) plus prior year unallowed losses (if any), or
-
The excess of prior year unallowed losses over the current year net income (if any). Enter -0- here if the prior year unallowed
loss is the
same as the current year net income.
Column (c).
Enter net income, if any, from the activity. Net income means the excess of the current year's net income from the
activity over any prior year
unallowed losses from the activity.
Column (d).
Combine amounts in the Totals row for columns (b) and (c) and enter the total net income or net loss in the Totals row of
column (d). If column (d) is a net loss, skip Worksheet B, Significant Participation Activities With Net Income. Include the
income and losses in
Worksheet 3 of Form 8582 (or Worksheet 2 of Form 8810).
If column (d) shows net income and you must complete Form 8582 because you have other passive activities to report,
complete Worksheet B above.
However, you do not have to complete Form 8582 if column (d) shows net income and you have only significant participation
activities. If you do not
have to complete Form 8582, skip Worksheet B and report the net income and net losses from columns (b) and (c) on the forms
and schedules you normally
use.
Worksheet B.
List only the significant participation passive activities that have net income as shown in column (c) of Worksheet
A.
Column (a).
Enter the net income of each activity from column (c) of Worksheet A.
Column (b).
Divide each of the individual net income amounts in column (a) by the total of column (a). The result is a ratio.
In column (b), enter the ratio
for each activity as a decimal (rounded to at least three places). The total of these ratios must equal 1.000.
Column (c).
Multiply the amount in the Totals row of column (d) of Worksheet A by each of the ratios in column (b). Enter the results in column (c).
Column (d).
Subtract column (c) from column (a). To this figure, add the amount of prior year unallowed losses, if any, that reduced
the current year net
income. Enter the result in column (d). Enter these amounts on Worksheet 3 of Form 8582 or Worksheet 2 of Form 8810. (Also,
see Limit on
recharacterized passive income, earlier.)
Rental of Nondepreciable Property
If you have net passive income (including prior year unallowed losses) from renting property in a rental activity, and less
than 30% of the
unadjusted basis of the property is subject to depreciation, you treat the net passive income as nonpassive income.
Example.
Calvin acquires vacant land for $300,000, constructs improvements at a cost of $100,000, and leases the land and improvements
to a tenant. He then
sells the land and improvements for $600,000, realizing a gain of $200,000 on the disposition.
The unadjusted basis of the improvements ($100,000) equals 25% of the unadjusted basis of all property ($400,000) used in
the rental activity.
Calvin's net passive income from the activity (which is figured with the gain from the disposition, including gain from the
improvements) is treated
as nonpassive income.
Equity-Financed Lending Activities
If you have gross income from an equity-financed lending activity, the lesser of the net passive income or the equity-financed
interest income is
nonpassive income.
For more information, see Temporary Regulations section 1.469-2T(f)(4).
Rental of Property Incidental to a Development Activity
Net income from this type of activity will be treated as nonpassive income if all of the following apply.
-
You recognize gain from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of the rental property during the tax year.
-
You started to rent the property less than 12 months before the date of disposition.
-
You materially participated or significantly participated for any tax year in an activity that involved the performance of
services for the
purpose of enhancing the value of the property (or any other item of property if the basis of the property disposed of is
determined in whole or in
part by reference to the basis of that item of property).
For more information, see Regulations section 1.469-2(f)(5).
Rental of Property to a Nonpassive Activity
If you rent property to a trade or business activity in which you materially participated, net rental income from the property
is treated as
nonpassive income. This rule does not apply to net income from renting property under a written binding contract entered into
before February 19,
1988. It also does not apply to property just described under Rental of Property Incidental to a Development Activity.
Licensing of Intangible Property by Pass-Through Entities
Net royalty income from intangible property held by a pass-through entity in which you own an interest may be treated as nonpassive
royalty income.
This applies if you acquired your interest in the pass-through entity after the partnership, S corporation, estate, or trust
created the intangible
property or performed substantial services or incurred substantial costs for developing or marketing the intangible property.
This recharacterization rule does not apply if:
-
The expenses reasonably incurred by the entity in developing or marketing the property exceed 50% of the gross royalties from
licensing the
property that are includible in your gross income for the tax year, or
-
Your share of the expenses reasonably incurred by the entity in developing or marketing the property for all tax years exceeded
25% of the
fair market value of your interest in the intangible property at the time you acquired your interest in the entity.
For purposes of (2) above, capital expenditures are taken into account for the entity's tax year in which the expenditure
is chargeable to a
capital account, and your share of the expenditure is figured as if it were allowed as a deduction for the tax year.
Any passive activity losses (but not credits) that have not been allowed (including current year losses) generally are allowed
in full in the tax
year you dispose of your entire interest in the passive (or former passive) activity. However, for the losses to be allowed,
you must dispose of your
entire interest in the activity in a transaction in which all realized gain or loss is recognized. Also, the person acquiring
the interest from you
must not be related to you.
Worksheet B. Significant Participation Activities With Net Income
If you have a capital loss on the disposition of an interest in a passive activity, the loss may be limited by the capital
loss rules. The limit is
generally $3,000 for individuals ($1,500 in the case of married individuals filing separate returns). See Publication 544,
Sales and Other
Dispositions of Assets , for more information.
Example.
Ray earned a $60,000 salary and owned one passive activity through a 5% interest in the B Limited Partnership. In 2007, he
sold his entire
partnership interest to an unrelated person for $30,000. His adjusted basis in the partnership interest was $42,000, and he
had carried over $2,000 of
passive activity losses from the activity.
Ray's deductible loss for 2007 is $5,000, figured as follows:
Ray deducts the $5,000 total current deductible loss in 2007. He must carry over the remaining $9,000 capital loss, which
is not subject to the
passive activity loss limit. He will treat it like any other capital loss carryover.
Installment sale of an entire interest.
If you sell your entire interest in a passive activity through an installment sale, to figure the loss for the current
year that is not limited by
the passive activity rules, multiply your overall loss (not including losses allowed in prior years) by a fraction. The numerator
of the fraction is
the gain recognized in the current year, and the denominator is the total gain from the sale minus all gains recognized in
prior years.
Example.
John Ash has a total gain of $10,000 from the sale of an entire interest in a passive activity. Under the installment method
he reports $2,000 of
gain each year, including the year of sale. For the first year, 20% (2,000/10,000) of the losses are allowed. For the second
year, 25% (2,000/8,000)
of the remaining losses are allowed.
Partners and S corporation shareholders.
Generally, any gain or loss on the disposition of a partnership interest must be allocated to each trade or business,
rental, or investment
activity in which the partnership owns an interest. If you dispose of your entire interest in a partnership, the passive activity
losses from the
partnership that have not been allowed generally are allowed in full. They also will be allowed if the partnership (other
than a PTP) disposes of all
the property used in that passive activity.
If you do not dispose of your entire interest, the gain or loss allocated to a passive activity is treated as passive
activity income or deduction
in the year of disposition. This includes any gain recognized on a distribution of money from the partnership that you receive
in excess of the
adjusted basis of your partnership interest.
These rules also apply to the disposition of stock in an S corporation.
Dispositions by gift.
If you give away your interest in a passive activity, the unused passive activity losses allocable to the interest
cannot be deducted in any tax
year. Instead, the basis of the transferred interest must be increased by the amount of these losses.
Dispositions by death.
If a passive activity interest is transferred because the owner dies, unused passive activity losses are allowed (to
a certain extent) as a
deduction against the decedent's income in the year of death. The decedent's losses are allowed only to the extent they exceed
the amount by which the
transferee's basis in the passive activity has been increased under the rules for determining the basis of property acquired
from a decedent. For
example, if the basis of an interest in a passive activity in the hands of a transferee is increased by $6,000 and unused
passive activity losses of
$8,000 were allocable to the interest at the date of death, then the decedent's deduction for the tax year would be limited
to $2,000 ($8,000 -
$6,000).
Partial dispositions.
If you dispose of substantially all of an activity during your tax year, you may be able to treat the part of the
activity disposed of as a
separate activity. See Partial dispositions under Grouping Your Activities, earlier.
How To Report Your Passive Activity Loss
More than one form or schedule may be required for reporting your passive activities. The actual number of forms depends on
the number and types of
activities you must report. Some forms and schedules that may be required are:
-
Schedule C (Form 1040), Profit or Loss From Business,
-
Schedule D (Form 1040), Capital Gains and Losses,
-
Schedule E (Form 1040), Supplemental Income and Loss,
-
Schedule F (Form 1040), Profit or Loss From Farming,
-
Form 4797, Sales of Business Property,
-
Form 6252, Installment Sale Income,
-
Form 8582, Passive Activity Loss Limitations, and
-
Form 8582-CR, Passive Activity Credit Limitations.
Regardless of the number or complexity of passive activities you have, you should use only one Form 8582.
The following example shows how to report your passive activities. In addition to Form 1040, Charles and Lily Woods use Form
8582 (to figure
allowed passive activity deductions), Schedule E (to report rental activities and partnership activities), Form 4797 (to figure
the gain and allowable
loss from assets sold that were used in the activities), and Schedule D (to report the sale of partnership interests).
Charles and Lily are married, file a joint return, and have combined wages of $132,000 in 2007. They own interests in the
activities listed below.
They are at risk for their investment in the activities. They did not materially participate in any of the business activities.
They actively
participated in the rental real estate activities in 2007 and all prior years. Charles and Lily are not real estate professionals.
-
Activity A is a rental real estate activity. The income and expenses are reported on Schedule E. Charles and Lily's records
show a loss from
operations of $15,000 in 2007. Their records also show a gain of $2,776 from the sale in January 2007 of section 1231 assets
used in the activity. The
section 1231 gain is reported in Part I of Form 4797 and is identified as being from a passive activity (FPA). For 2006, they
completed the worksheets
for Form 8582 and calculated that $6,667 of Activity A's Schedule E loss for 2006 was disallowed by the passive activity rules.
That loss is carried
over to 2007 as a prior year unallowed loss and will be used to figure the allowed loss for 2007.
-
Activity B is a rental real estate activity. Its income and expenses are reported on Schedule E. Charles and Lily's records
show a loss from
operations of $11,600 in 2007. For 2006, they completed the worksheets for Form 8582 and calculated that $8,225 of Activity
B's Schedule E loss for
2006 was disallowed by the passive activity rules. That loss is carried over to 2007 as a prior year unallowed loss and will
be used to figure the
allowed loss for 2007.
-
Partnership #1 is a trade or business activity and is not a publicly traded partnership (PTP). Partnership #1 reports a $4,000
distributive
share of its 2007 profits to Charles and Lily in box 1 of Schedule K-1 (Form 1065). They report that profit on Schedule E.
For 2006, they completed
the worksheets for Form 8582 and calculated that $2,600 of their distributive share of the loss from Partnership #1 in 2006
was disallowed by the
passive activity rules. That loss is carried over to 2007 as a prior year unallowed loss and will be used to figure the allowed
loss for
2007.
-
Partnership #2 is a trade or business activity and also a PTP. In December 2007 Charles and Lily sold their entire interest
in Partnership
#2. To indicate they made an entire disposition of a passive activity, they enter EDPA on the appropriate lines. They do not
report that sale on Form
8582 because Partnership #2 is a PTP. They recognize a long-term capital gain of $15,300 ($25,300 selling price minus $10,000
adjusted basis) that
they report on Schedule D. The partnership reports a $1,200 distributive share of its 2007 losses to them in box 1 of Schedule
K-1 (Form 1065). They
report that loss on Schedule E. For 2006, they followed the instructions for Form 8582 and calculated that $2,445 of their
distributive share of
Partnership #2's 2006 loss was disallowed by the passive activity rules. That loss is carried over from 2006 and reported
on Schedule E as a loss for
2007. (For a discussion of PTPs, see the instructions for Form 8582.)
-
Partnership #3 is a single trade or business activity and is not a PTP. Charles and Lily's distributive share of partnership
losses for 2007
reported in box 1 of Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) is $6,000. Charles and Lily sold their entire interest in Partnership #3 in
November 2007. To indicate
they made an entire disposition of a passive activity, they enter EDPA on the appropriate lines. They recognize a $4,000 ($15,000
selling price minus
$11,000 adjusted basis) long-term capital gain, which they report on Schedule D.
For 2006, they completed the worksheets for Form 8582 and calculated that $3,000 of their distributive share of the partnership's
loss for 2006 was
disallowed by the passive activity rules. That loss is carried over to 2007 as a prior year unallowed Schedule E loss.
-
Partnership #4 is a trade or business activity that is a limited partnership. Charles and Lily are limited partners who did
not meet any of
the material participation tests. Their distributive share of 2007 partnership loss, reported in box 1 of Schedule K-1 (Form
1065), is $2,400. For
2006 they completed the worksheets for Form 8582 and calculated that $1,500 of their distributive share of loss for 2006 was
disallowed by the passive
activity rules. That loss is carried over to 2007 as a prior year unallowed loss and will be used to figure the allowed loss
for 2007.
Step One—Completing the Tax Forms Before Figuring the Passive Activity Loss Limits
Charles and Lily complete the forms they usually use to report income or expenses from their activities. They enter their
combined wages, $132,000,
on Form 1040. They complete Schedule D, line 8, showing long-term capital gains of $15,300 from the disposition of Partnership
#2 and $4,000 from the
disposition of Partnership #3. Partnership #2 is a PTP so it is not entered on Form 8582. The disposition of Partnership #3
is a disposition of an
entire interest in an activity with an overall loss of $5,000 ($4,000 - $3,000 - $6,000) so that partnership also is not entered
on Form
8582. They combine the PTP $1,200 current year loss with its $2,445 prior year loss and report the combined amount in column
(f) on Schedule E, Part
II, line 28. They also combine the Partnership #3 $6,000 current year loss with its $3,000 prior year loss, and enter the
combined amount in column
(h) on Schedule E, Part II, line 28, since they have an overall loss from that activity. Normally, current year and prior
year losses should be
entered on separate lines of Schedule E. For purposes of this example only, the amounts have been combined on one line. They
enter the $4,000 profit
from Partnership #1 in column (g). Before completing the rest of Schedule E, Part II, they must complete Form 8582 to figure
out how much of their
losses from Partnerships #1 and #4 they can deduct.
They complete Schedule E, Part I, through line 22. Their rental activities are passive so they must complete Form 8582 to
figure the deductible
losses to enter on line 23.
They enter the gain from the sale of the section 1231 assets of Activity A on Form 4797.
Step Two—Form 8582 and Its Worksheets
Charles and Lily now complete Form 8582 including the worksheets that apply to their passive activities. Because they are
at risk for their
investment in the activities, they do not need to complete Form 6198 before Form 8582. (The second part of this publication
explains the at-risk
rules.)
Worksheet 1.
Worksheet 1 is for rental real estate activities with active participation. Charles and Lily enter the gains and losses
from Activity A and
Activity B on Worksheet 1. They enter all amounts from the activities even though they already reported the gain of $2,776
from Activity A on Form
4797 because all income or loss from these activities must be taken into account to figure the loss allowed.
-
They write “Activity A” on the first line under “Name of activity.” Then they enter:
-
$2,776 gain in column (a) from Form 4797, line 2, column (g),
-
($15,000) loss in column (b) from Schedule E, line 22, column A, and
-
($6,667) prior year unallowed loss in column (c) from their 2006 worksheets.
They combine the three amounts. The result, ($18,891), is an overall loss so they enter it in column (e).
-
Charles and Lily write “Activity B” on the second line under “Name of activity.” Then they enter:
-
($11,600) loss in column (b) from Schedule E, line 22, column B, and
-
($8,225) prior year unallowed loss in column (c) from their 2006 worksheets.
Then they combine these two figures and enter the total loss, ($19,825), in column (e).
-
They separately add the amounts in columns (a), (b), and (c).
-
They enter $2,776 in column (a) on the Total line and also on Form 8582, Part I, line 1a.
-
They enter ($26,600) in column (b) on the Total line and also on Form 8582, Part I, line 1b.
-
They enter ($14,892) in column (c) on the Total line and also on Form 8582, Part I, line 1c.
-
They combine lines 1a, 1b, and 1c, Form 8582, and put the net loss, ($38,716), on line 1d.
Worksheet 3.
Partnership #1 and Partnership #4 are nonrental passive activities so Charles and Lily enter the appropriate information
about those activities on
Worksheet 3 in the same way they reported their rental activities on Worksheet 1. Then they enter the totals on Form 8582,
Part I, lines 3a through
3d.
Reporting income from column (d), Worksheets 1 and 3.
Activities that have an overall gain in column (d) are not used any further in the calculations for Form 8582. At
this point, all income and losses
from those activities should be entered on the forms or schedules that would normally be used. Charles and Lily have one activity
with an overall gain
($4,000 - $2,600 = $1,400). This is Partnership #1, which is shown in Worksheet 3. They already reported the $4,000 income
from this activity on
Schedule E, Part II. They now enter the entire $2,600 loss on Schedule E, Part II, as well.
Step Three—Completing Form 8582
Next, Charles and Lily complete Form 8582, Part II, to determine the amount they can deduct for their net losses from real
estate activities with
active participation (Activities A and B). They enter all amounts as though they were positive (without brackets around losses).
They then complete
Form 8582, Part IV.
-
They enter $38,716 on line 5 since this is the smaller of the loss on line 1d or the loss on line 4.
-
They enter $150,000 on line 6 since they are married and filing a joint return.
-
They enter $138,655, their modified adjusted gross income, on line 7. (See page 4 for discussion of modified adjusted gross
income.) The
$138,655 is made up of their wages, $132,000, plus their overall gain of $11,655 from Partnership #2, a PTP, less their $5,000
overall loss from
Partnership #3. On Schedule D, they reported long-term gains of $15,300 from the PTP disposition and $4,000 from the Partnership
#3 disposition. On
Schedule E, they combined the PTP 2007 loss of $1,200 with its prior year loss of $2,445, and combined the Partnership #3
2007 loss of $6,000 with its
prior year loss of $3,000. Netting these amounts gives them the PTP overall gain of $11,655 ($15,300 - $1,200 - $2,445) and
the
Partnership #3 overall loss of $5,000 ($4,000 - $6,000 - $3,000) that were used in figuring modified adjusted gross income.
-
They subtract line 7 from line 6 and enter the result, $11,345, on line 8.
-
They multiply line 8 by 50% and enter the result, $5,673, on line 9.
-
They enter the smaller of line 5 or line 9, $5,673, on line 10.
-
They add the income on lines 1a and 3a and enter the result, $6,776, on line 15.
-
They add lines 10 and 15 and enter the result, $12,449, on line 16.
Step Four—Completing Worksheet 4
Charles and Lily must complete Worksheet 4 because they entered an amount on Form 8582, line 10, and have two activities,
each with an overall loss
in Worksheet 1, column (e). Worksheet 4 allocates the amount on line 10 (their special allowance for active participation
rental real estate
activities) between Activity A and Activity B.
-
In the two left columns, they write the name of each activity, A and B, and the schedule and line number on which each activity
is
reported.
-
They fill in column (a) with the losses from Worksheet 1, column (e). They add up the amounts, and enter the result, $38,716,
in the
Total line without brackets.
-
They figure the ratios for column (b) by dividing each amount in column (a) by the amount on the column (a) Total line. They
enter each result in column (b). The total of the ratios must equal 1.00.
-
They multiply the amount from line 10, Form 8582, $5,673, by each of the ratios in Worksheet 4, column (b) and enter the results
on the
appropriate line in column (c). The total must equal $5,673.
-
They subtract column (c) from column (a) and enter each result in column (d).
Step Five—Completing Worksheet 5
Worksheet 5 must be completed if any activity has an overall loss in Worksheet 3, column (e), or a loss in Worksheet 4, column
(d) (or Worksheet 1,
column (e), if Worksheet 4 was not needed). This worksheet allocates the unallowed loss among the activities with an overall
loss. Charles and Lily
complete Worksheet 5 with the activities from Worksheet 4 and the one activity showing a loss in Worksheet 3, column (e).
They write the name of each
activity and the schedule or form and the line number on which each loss will be reported in the two left columns of Worksheet
5.
-
In column (a), they enter the losses from Worksheet 3, column (e) and Worksheet 4, column (d). These losses are entered as
positive numbers,
not in brackets. They add the numbers and enter the total, $36,943, on the Total line.
-
They divide each of the losses in column (a) by the amount on the column (a) Total line, and enter each result in column (b). The
ratios must total 1.00.
-
Now they use the computation worksheet for column (c) (see the worksheet in the instructions for Form 8582) to figure the
unallowed loss to
allocate in column (c).
-
On line A of the computation worksheet, they enter the amount from line 4 of Form 8582, $41,216, as a positive number.
-
On line B, they enter the amount from line 10 of Form 8582, $5,673.
-
They subtract line B from line A and enter the result, $35,543, on line C. This is the total unallowed loss.
They multiply line C, $35,543, by each of the ratios in column (b) and enter the results in column (c). These amounts are
the unallowed losses
from each activity and must add up to $35,543.
Step Six—Using Worksheets 6 and 7
Charles and Lily now decide whether they must use Worksheet 6, Worksheet 7, or both to figure their allowed losses. If the
loss from any activity
entered on Worksheet 5 is reported on only one form or schedule, then Worksheet 6 is used for that activity. If an activity
has a loss that is
reported on two or more schedules or forms (for example, a loss that must be reported partly on Schedule C and partly on Form
4797), Worksheet 7 is
used for that activity. All of the activities Charles and Lily entered on Worksheet 5 will be reported on Schedule E. Therefore,
they use Worksheet 6
to figure the allowed loss for each activity.
Worksheet 6.
They complete Worksheet 6 with the activities from Worksheet 5.
-
They write the name of each activity and the schedule and line number to be used in the two left columns of Worksheet 6.
-
In column (a), they enter the total loss for each activity. This includes the current year loss plus the prior year unallowed
loss. They
find these amounts by adding columns (b) and (c) on Worksheets 1 and 3.
-
In column (b), they enter the unallowed loss for each activity already figured in Worksheet 5, column (c). They must save
this information
to use next year in figuring their passive losses.
-
In column (c), they figure their allowed losses for 2007 by subtracting their unallowed losses, column (b), from their total
losses, column
(a). These allowed losses are entered on the appropriate schedules.
Reporting allowed losses.
Charles and Lily enter their allowed losses from Activities A and B on Schedule E, Part I, line 23, because these
are rental properties. They
report their allowed loss from Partnership #4 on Schedule E, Part II, line 28D.
Step Seven—Finishing the Reporting of the Passive Activities
Charles and Lily summarize the entries on Schedule E, Schedule D, and Form 4797, and enter the amounts on the appropriate
lines of their Form 1040.
They enter:
-
The total Schedule D gain, $22,076, on line 13, and
-
The Schedule E loss, ($21,094), on line 17.
Charles and Lily are now able to complete their tax return, having correctly limited their losses from their passive activities.
The at-risk rules limit your losses from most activities to your amount at risk in the activity. You treat any loss that is
disallowed because of
the at-risk limits as a deduction from the same activity in the next tax year. If your losses from an at-risk activity are
allowed, they are subject
to recapture in later years if your amount at risk is reduced below zero.
You must apply the at-risk rules before the passive activity rules discussed in the first part of this publication.
Loss defined.
A loss is the excess of allowable deductions from the activity for the year (including depreciation or amortization
allowed or allowable and
disregarding the at-risk limits) over income received or accrued from the activity during the year. Income does not include
income from the recapture
of previous losses (discussed later, under Recapture Rule).
Form 6198.
Use Form 6198, At-Risk Limitations, to figure how much loss from an activity you can deduct.
-
You must file Form 6198 with your tax return if:
-
You have a loss from any part of an activity that is covered by the at-risk rules, and
-
You are not at risk for some of your investment in the activity.
-
You must file Form 6198 if you are engaged in an activity included in (6) under Activities Covered by the At-Risk Rules and you
have borrowed amounts described in Certain borrowed amounts excluded under At-Risk Amounts, later.
Loss limits for partners and S corporation shareholders.
Three separate limits apply to a partner's or shareholder's distributive share of a loss from a partnership or S corporation,
respectively. The
limits determine the amount of the loss each partner or shareholder can deduct on his or her own return. These limits and
the order in which they
apply are:
-
The adjusted basis of:
-
The partner's partnership interest, or
-
The shareholder's stock plus any loans the shareholder makes to the corporation,
-
The at-risk rules, and
-
The passive activity rules.
See Limitations on Losses, Deductions, and Credits in Partner's Instructions for Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) and Shareholder's Instructions
for Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S).
The at-risk limits apply to individuals (including partners and S corporation shareholders), estates, trusts, and certain
closely held corporations
(other than S corporations).
Closely held corporation.
For the at-risk rules, a corporation is a closely held corporation if at any time during the last half of the tax
year, more than 50% in value of
its outstanding stock is owned directly or indirectly by or for five or fewer individuals.
To figure if more than 50% in value of the stock is owned by five or fewer individuals, apply the following rules.
-
Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a corporation, partnership, estate, or trust is considered owned proportionately
by its
shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries.
-
An individual is considered to own the stock owned directly or indirectly by or for his or her family. Family includes only
brothers and
sisters (including half-brothers and half-sisters), a spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants.
-
If a person holds an option to buy stock, he or she is considered to be the owner of that stock.
-
When applying rule (1) or (2), stock considered owned by a person under rule (1) or (3) is treated as actually owned by that
person. Stock
considered owned by an individual under rule (2) is not treated as owned by the individual for again applying rule (2) to
consider another the owner
of that stock.
-
Stock that may be considered owned by an individual under either rule (2) or (3) is considered owned by the individual under
rule (3).
Activities Covered by the At-Risk Rules
If you are involved in one of the following activities as a trade or business or for the production of income, you are subject
to the at-risk
rules.
-
Holding, producing, or distributing motion picture films or video tapes.
-
Farming.
-
Leasing section 1245 property, including personal property and certain other tangible property that is depreciable or amortizable.
See
Section 1245 property, next.
-
Exploring for, or exploiting, oil and gas.
-
Exploring for, or exploiting, geothermal deposits (for wells started after September 1978).
-
Any other activity not included in (1) through (5) that is carried on as a trade or business or for the production of income.
Section 1245 property.
Section 1245 property includes any property that is or has been subject to depreciation or amortization and is:
-
Personal property,
-
Other tangible property (other than a building or its structural components) that is:
-
Used in manufacturing, production, extraction or furnishing transportation, communications, electrical energy, gas, water,
or sewage
disposal services,
-
A research facility used for the activities in (a), or
-
A facility used in any of the activities in (a) for the bulk storage of fungible commodities,
-
Real property (other than property described in (2)) with an adjusted basis that was reduced by certain amortization deductions
listed in
section 1245(a)(3)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code,
-
A single purpose agricultural or horticultural structure, or
-
A storage facility (other than a building or its structural components) used for the distribution of petroleum.
Exception for holding real property placed in service before 1987.
The at-risk rules do not apply to the holding of real property placed in service before 1987. They also do not apply
to the holding of an interest
acquired before 1987 in a pass-through entity engaged in holding real property placed in service before 1987. This exception
does not apply to holding
mineral property.
Personal property and services that are incidental to making real property available as living accommodations are
included in the activity of
holding real property. For example, making personal property, such as furniture, and services available when renting a hotel
or motel room or a
furnished apartment is considered incidental to making real property available as living accommodations.
Exception for equipment leasing by a closely held corporation.
If a closely held corporation is actively engaged in equipment leasing, the equipment leasing is treated as a separate
activity not covered by the
at-risk rules. A closely held corporation is actively engaged in equipment leasing if 50% or more of its gross receipts for
the tax year are from
equipment leasing. Equipment leasing means the leasing, purchasing, servicing, and selling of equipment that is section 1245
property.
However, equipment leasing does not include the leasing of master sound recordings and similar contractual arrangements
for tangible or intangible
assets associated with literary, artistic, or musical properties, such as books, lithographs of artwork, or musical tapes.
A closely held corporation
cannot exclude these leasing activities from the at-risk rules nor count them as equipment leasing for the gross receipts
test.
The equipment leasing exclusion also is not available for leasing activities related to other at-risk activities,
such as motion picture films and
video tapes, farming, oil and gas properties, and geothermal deposits. For example, if a closely held corporation leases a
video tape, it cannot
exclude this leasing activity from the at-risk rules under the equipment leasing exclusion.
Controlled group of corporations.
A controlled group of corporations is subject to special rules for the equipment leasing exclusion. See section 465(c)
of the Internal Revenue
Code.
Special exception for qualified corporations.
A qualified corporation is not subject to the at-risk limits for any qualifying business carried on by the corporation.
Each qualifying business is
treated as a separate activity.
Qualified corporation.
A qualified corporation is a closely held corporation, defined earlier, that is not:
-
A personal holding company, or
-
A personal service corporation (defined in section 269A(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, but determined by substituting 5%
for 10%).
Qualifying business.
A qualifying business is any active business if all of the following apply.
-
During the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of the tax year, the corporation had at least:
-
One full-time employee whose services were in the active management of the business, and
-
Three full-time nonowner employees whose services were directly related to the business. A nonowner employee is an employee
who does not own
more than 5% in value of the outstanding stock of the corporation at any time during the tax year. (The rules for constructive
ownership of stock in
section 318 of the Internal Revenue Code apply. However, in applying these rules, an owner of 5% or more, rather than 50%
or more, of the value of a
corporation's stock is considered to own a proportionate share of any stock owned by the corporation.)
-
Deductions due to the business that are allowable to the corporation as business expenses and as contributions to certain
employee benefit
plans for the tax year exceed 15% of the gross income from the business.
-
The business is not an excluded business.
Generally, an excluded business means equipment leasing as defined, earlier, under
Exception for equipment leasing by a closely held corporation, and any business involving the use, exploitation, sale, lease, or other
disposition of master sound recordings, motion picture films, video tapes, or tangible or intangible assets associated with
literary, artistic,
musical, or similar properties.
Generally, you treat your activity involving each film or video tape, item of leased section 1245 property, farm, oil and
gas property, or
geothermal property as a separate activity. In addition, each investment that is not a part of a trade or business is treated
as a separate activity.
Leasing by a partnership or S corporation.
For a partnership or S corporation, treat all leasing of section 1245 property that is placed in service in any tax
year of the partnership or S
corporation as one activity.
Aggregation of Activities
Activities described in (6) under Activities Covered by the At-Risk Rules, earlier, that constitute a trade or business are treated as
one activity if:
-
You actively participate in the management of the trade or business, or
-
The trade or business is carried on by a partnership or S corporation and 65% or more of its losses for the tax year are allocable
to
persons who actively participate in the management of the trade or business.
Similar rules apply to activities described in (1) through (5) of that earlier discussion.
Active participation.
Active participation depends on all the facts and circumstances. Factors that indicate active participation include
making decisions involving the
operation or management of the activity, performing services for the activity, and hiring and discharging employees. Factors
that indicate a lack of
active participation include lack of control in managing and operating the activity, having authority only to discharge the
manager of the activity,
and having a manager of the activity who is an independent contractor rather than an employee.
Partners and S corporation shareholders.
Partners or shareholders may aggregate activities of their partnership or S corporation within each of the following
categories.
For example, if a partnership or S corporation produces two films or video tapes, the partners or S corporation shareholders
may treat the
production of both films or video tapes as one activity for purposes of the at-risk rules.
You are at risk in any activity for:
-
The money and adjusted basis of property you contribute to the activity, and
-
Amounts you borrow for use in the activity if:
-
You are personally liable for repayment, or
-
You pledge property (other than property used in the activity) as security for the loan.
Amounts borrowed.
You are at risk for amounts borrowed to use in the activity if you are personally liable for repayment. You are also
at risk if the amounts
borrowed are secured by property other than property used in the activity. In this case, the amount considered at risk is
the net fair market value of
your interest in the pledged property. The net fair market value of property is its fair market value (determined on the date
the property is pledged)
less any prior (or superior) claims to which it is subject. However, no property will be taken into account as security if
it is directly or
indirectly financed by debt that is secured by property you contributed to the activity.
If you borrow money to finance a contribution to an activity, you cannot increase your amount at risk by the contribution
and the amount borrowed
to finance the contribution. You may increase your at-risk amount only once.
Certain borrowed amounts excluded.
Even if you are personally liable for the repayment of a borrowed amount or you secure a borrowed amount with property
other than property used in
the activity, you are not considered at risk if you borrowed the money from a person having an interest in the activity or
from someone related to a
person (other than you) having an interest in the activity. This does not apply to:
-
Amounts borrowed by a corporation from a person whose only interest in the activity is as a shareholder of the corporation,
-
Amounts borrowed from a person having an interest in the activity as a creditor, or
-
Amounts borrowed after May 3, 2004, secured by real property used in the activity of holding real property (other than mineral
property)
that, if nonrecourse, would be qualified nonrecourse financing.
Related persons.
Related persons include:
-
Members of a family, but only an individual's brothers and sisters, half-brothers and half-sisters, spouse, ancestors (parents,
grandparents, etc.), and lineal descendants (children, grandchildren, etc.),
-
Two corporations that are members of the same controlled group of corporations determined by applying a 10% ownership test,
-
The fiduciaries of two different trusts, or the fiduciary and beneficiary of two different trusts, if the same person is the
grantor of both
trusts,
-
A tax-exempt educational or charitable organization and a person who directly or indirectly controls it (or a member of whose
family
controls it),
-
A corporation and an individual who owns directly or indirectly more than 10% of the value of the outstanding stock of the
corporation,
-
A trust fiduciary and a corporation of which more than 10% in value of the outstanding stock is owned directly or indirectly
by or for the
trust or by or for the grantor of the trust,
-
The grantor and fiduciary, or the fiduciary and beneficiary, of any trust,
-
A corporation and a partnership if the same persons own more than 10% in value of the outstanding stock of the corporation
and more than 10%
of the capital interest or the profits interest in the partnership,
-
Two S corporations if the same persons own more than 10% in value of the outstanding stock of each corporation,
-
An S corporation and a regular corporation if the same persons own more than 10% in value of the outstanding stock of each
corporation,
-
A partnership and a person who owns directly or indirectly more than 10% of the capital or profits of the partnership,
-
Two partnerships if the same persons directly or indirectly own more than 10% of the capital or profits of each,
-
Two persons who are engaged in business under common control, and
-
An executor of an estate and a beneficiary of that estate.
To determine the direct or indirect ownership of the outstanding stock of a corporation, apply the following rules.
-
Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a corporation, partnership, estate, or trust is considered owned proportionately
by or for its
shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries.
-
Stock owned directly or indirectly by or for an individual's family is considered owned by the individual. The family of an
individual
includes only brothers and sisters, half-brothers and half-sisters, a spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants.
-
Any stock in a corporation owned by an individual (other than by applying rule (2)) is considered owned directly or indirectly
by the
individual's partner.
-
When applying rule (1), (2), or (3), stock considered owned by a person under rule (1) is treated as actually owned by that
person. But, if
a person constructively owns stock because of rule (2) or (3), he or she does not own the stock for purposes of applying either
rule (2) or (3) to
make another person the constructive owner of the same stock.
Effect of government price support programs.
A government target price program or other government price support programs for a product that you grow does not,
without agreements limiting your
costs, reduce the amount you have at risk.
Effect of increasing amounts at risk in subsequent years.
Any loss that is allowable in a particular year reduces your at-risk investment (but not below zero) as of the beginning
of the next tax year and
in all succeeding tax years for that activity. If you have a loss that is more than your at-risk amount, the loss disallowed
will not be allowed in
later years unless you increase your at-risk amount. Losses that are suspended because they are greater than your investment
that is at risk are
treated as a deduction for the activity in the following year. Consequently, if your amount at risk increases in later years,
you may deduct
previously suspended losses to the extent that the increases in your amount at risk exceed your losses in later years. However,
your deduction of
suspended losses may be limited by the passive loss rules.
You are not considered at risk for amounts protected against loss through nonrecourse financing, guarantees, stop loss agreements,
or other similar
arrangements.
Nonrecourse financing.
Nonrecourse financing is financing for which you are not personally liable. If you borrow money to contribute to an
activity and the lender's only
recourse is to your interest in the activity or the property used in the activity, the loan is a nonrecourse loan.
You are not considered at risk for your share of any nonrecourse loan used to finance an activity or to acquire property
used in the activity
unless the loan is secured by property not used in the activity.
However, you are considered at risk for qualified nonrecourse financing secured by real property used in an activity
of holding real property.
Qualified nonrecourse financing is financing for which no one is personally liable for repayment and that is:
-
Borrowed by you in connection with the activity of holding real property,
-
Secured by real property used in the activity,
-
Not convertible from a debt obligation to an ownership interest, and
-
Loaned or guaranteed by any federal, state, or local government, or borrowed by you from a qualified person.
Other types of property used as security.
The rules in the next two paragraphs apply to any financing incurred after August 3, 1998. You also can choose to
apply these rules to financing
you obtained before August 4, 1998. If you do that, you must reduce the amounts at risk as a result of applying these rules
to years ending before
August 4, 1998, to the extent they increase the losses allowed for those years.
In determining whether qualified nonrecourse financing is secured only by real property used in the activity of holding
real property, disregard
property that is incidental to the activity of holding real property. Also disregard other property if the total gross fair
market value of that
property is less than 10% of the total gross fair market value of all the property securing the financing.
For this purpose, treat yourself as owning directly your proportional share of the assets in any partnership in which
you own, directly or
indirectly, an equity interest.
Qualified person.
A qualified person is a person who actively and regularly engages in the business of lending money. The most common
example is a bank.
However, none of the following persons can be a qualified person.
-
A person related to you in one of the ways listed under Related persons, earlier. However, a person related to you may be a
qualified person if the nonrecourse financing is commercially reasonable and on the same terms as loans involving unrelated
persons.
-
A person from which you acquired the property or a person related to that person.
-
A person who receives a fee due to your investment in the real property or a person related to that person.
Other loss limiting arrangements.
Any capital you have contributed to an activity is not at risk if you are protected against economic loss by an agreement
or arrangement for
compensation or reimbursement. For example, you are not at risk if you will be reimbursed for part or all of any loss because
of a binding agreement
between yourself and another person.
Example 1.
Some commercial feedlots reimburse investors against any loss sustained on sales of the fed livestock above a stated dollar
amount per head. Under
such stop loss orders, the investor is at risk only for the portion of the investor's capital for which the investor is not
entitled to a
reimbursement.
Example 2.
You are personally liable for a mortgage, but you separately obtain insurance to compensate you for any payments you must
actually make because of
your personal liability. You are considered at risk only to the extent of the uninsured portion of the personal liability
to which you are exposed.
You can include in the amount you have at risk the amount of any premium which you paid from your personal assets for the
insurance. However, if you
obtain casualty insurance or insurance protecting yourself against tort liability, it does not affect the amount you are otherwise
considered to have
at risk.
Reductions of Amounts At Risk
The amount you have at risk in any activity is reduced by any losses allowed in previous years under the at-risk rules. It
may also be reduced
because of distributions you received from the activity, debts changed from recourse to nonrecourse, or the initiation of
a stop loss or similar
agreement. If the amount at risk is reduced below zero, your previously allowed losses are subject to recapture, as explained
next.
If the amount you have at risk in any activity at the end of any tax year is less than zero, you must recapture at least part
of your previously
allowed losses. You do this by adding to your income from the activity for that year the lesser of the following amounts:
-
The negative at-risk amount (treated as a positive amount), or
-
The total amount of losses deducted in previous tax years beginning after 1978, minus any amounts you previously added to
your income from
that activity under this recapture rule.
Do not use the recapture income to reduce any net loss from the activity for the tax year. Instead, treat the recaptured amount
as a deduction for
the activity in the next tax year.
Pre-1979 activity.
If the amount you had at risk in an activity at the end of your tax year that began in 1978 was less than zero, you
apply the preceding rule for
the recapture of losses by substituting that negative amount for zero. For example, if your at-risk amount for that tax year
was minus $50, you will
recapture losses only when your at-risk amount goes below minus $50.
You can get help with unresolved tax issues, order free publications and forms, ask tax questions, and get information from
the IRS in several
ways. By selecting the method that is best for you, you will have quick and easy access to tax help.
Contacting your Taxpayer Advocate.
The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is an independent organization within the IRS whose employees assist taxpayers
who are experiencing economic
harm, who are seeking help in resolving tax problems that have not been resolved through normal channels, or who believe that
an IRS system or
procedure is not working as it should.
You can contact the TAS by calling the TAS toll-free case intake line at 1-877-777-4778 or TTY/TDD 1-800-829-4059
to see if you are eligible for
assistance. You can also call or write to your local taxpayer advocate, whose phone number and address are listed in your
local telephone directory
and in Publication 1546, Taxpayer Advocate Service — Your Voice at the IRS. You can file Form 911, Request for Taxpayer Advocate
Service
Assistance (And Application for Taxpayer Assistance Order), or ask an IRS employee to complete it on your behalf. For more
information, go to
www.irs.gov/advocate.
Taxpayer Advocacy Panel (TAP).
The TAP listens to taxpayers, identifies taxpayer issues, and makes suggestions for improving IRS services and customer
satisfaction. If you have
suggestions for improvements, contact the TAP, toll free at 1-888-912-1227 or go to
www.improveirs.org.
Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs).
LITCs are independent organizations that provide low income taxpayers with representation in federal tax controversies
with the IRS for free or for
a nominal charge. The clinics also provide tax education and outreach for taxpayers with limited English proficiency or who
speak English as a second
language. Publication 4134, Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List, provides information on clinics in your area. It is available
at
www.irs.gov or at your local IRS office.
Free tax services.
To find out what services are available, get Publication 910, IRS Guide to Free Tax Services. It contains a list of
free tax publications and
describes other free tax information services, including tax education and assistance programs and a list of TeleTax topics.
Accessible versions of IRS published products are available on request in a variety of alternative formats for people
with disabilities.
Internet. You can access the IRS website at
www.irs.gov 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to:
-
E-file your return. Find out about commercial tax preparation and e-file services available free to eligible
taxpayers.
-
Check the status of your 2007 refund. Click on Where's My Refund. Wait at least 6 weeks from the date you filed your return (3
weeks if you filed electronically). Have your 2007 tax return available because you will need to know your social security
number, your filing status,
and the exact whole dollar amount of your refund.
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Download forms, instructions, and publications.
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Order IRS products online.
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Research your tax questions online.
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Search publications online by topic or keyword.
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View Internal Revenue Bulletins (IRBs) published in the last few years.
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Figure your withholding allowances using the withholding calculator online at
www.irs.gov/individuals.
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Determine if Form 6251 must be filed using our Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Assistant.
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Sign up to receive local and national tax news by email.
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Get information on starting and operating a small business.
Phone. Many services are available by phone.
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Ordering forms, instructions, and publications. Call 1-800-829-3676 to order current-year forms, instructions, and publications,
and prior-year forms and instructions. You should receive your order within 10 days.
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Asking tax questions. Call the IRS with your tax questions at 1-800-829-1040.
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Solving problems. You can get face-to-face help solving tax problems every business day in IRS Taxpayer Assistance Centers. An
employee can explain IRS letters, request adjustments to your account, or help you set up a payment plan. Call your local
Taxpayer Assistance Center
for an appointment. To find the number, go to
www.irs.gov/localcontacts or
look in the phone book under United States Government, Internal Revenue Service.
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TTY/TDD equipment. If you have access to TTY/TDD equipment, call 1-800-829-4059 to ask tax questions or to order forms and
publications.
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TeleTax topics. Call 1-800-829-4477 to listen to pre-recorded messages covering various tax topics.
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Refund information. To check the status of your 2007 refund, call 1-800-829-4477 and press 1 for automated refund information or
call 1-800-829-1954. Be sure to wait at least 6 weeks from the date you filed your return (3 weeks if you filed electronically).
Have your 2007 tax
return available because you will need to know your social security number, your filing status, and the exact whole dollar
amount of your refund.
Evaluating the quality of our telephone services. To ensure IRS representatives give accurate, courteous, and professional answers, we
use several methods to evaluate the quality of our telephone services. One method is for a second IRS representative to listen
in on or record random
telephone calls. Another is to ask some callers to complete a short survey at the end of the call.
Walk-in. Many products and services are available on a walk-in basis.
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Products. You can walk in to many post offices, libraries, and IRS offices to pick up certain forms, instructions, and
publications. Some IRS offices, libraries, grocery stores, copy centers, city and county government offices, credit unions,
and office supply stores
have a collection of products available to print from a CD or photocopy from reproducible proofs. Also, some IRS offices and
libraries have the
Internal Revenue Code, regulations, Internal Revenue Bulletins, and Cumulative Bulletins available for research purposes.
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Services. You can walk in to your local Taxpayer Assistance Center every business day for personal, face-to-face tax help. An
employee can explain IRS letters, request adjustments to your tax account, or help you set up a payment plan. If you need
to resolve a tax problem,
have questions about how the tax law applies to your individual tax return, or you're more comfortable talking with someone
in person, visit your
local Taxpayer Assistance Center where you can spread out your records and talk with an IRS representative face-to-face. No
appointment is necessary,
but if you prefer, you can call your local Center and leave a message requesting an appointment to resolve a tax account issue.
A representative will
call you back within 2 business days to schedule an in-person appointment at your convenience. To find the number, go to
www.irs.gov/localcontacts or
look in the phone book under United States Government, Internal Revenue Service.
Mail. You can send your order for forms, instructions, and publications to the address below. You should receive a response within
10
days after your request is received.
National Distribution Center
P.O. Box 8903
Bloomington, IL 61702-8903
CD/DVD for tax products. You can order Publication 1796, IRS Tax Products CD/DVD, and obtain:
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Current-year forms, instructions, and publications.
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Prior-year forms, instructions, and publications.
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Bonus: Historical Tax Products DVD - Ships with the final release.
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Tax Map: an electronic research tool and finding aid.
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Tax law frequently asked questions.
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Tax Topics from the IRS telephone response system.
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Fill-in, print, and save features for most tax forms.
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Internal Revenue Bulletins.
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Toll-free and email technical support.
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The CD which is released twice during the year.
- The first release will ship the beginning of January 2008.
- The final release will ship the beginning of March 2008.
Purchase the CD/DVD from National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at
www.irs.gov/cdorders for $35 (no handling fee) or call 1-877-CDFORMS (1-877-233-6767) toll free to buy the CD/DVD for $35 (plus a $5
handling fee). Price is subject to change.
CD for small businesses. Publication 3207, The Small Business Resource Guide CD for 2007, is a must for every small business owner or
any taxpayer about to start a business. This year's CD includes:
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Helpful information, such as how to prepare a business plan, find financing for your business, and much more.
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All the business tax forms, instructions, and publications needed to successfully manage a business.
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Tax law changes for 2007.
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Tax Map: an electronic research tool and finding aid.
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Web links to various government agencies, business associations, and IRS organizations.
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“Rate the Product” survey—your opportunity to suggest changes for future editions.
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A site map of the CD to help you navigate the pages of the CD with ease.
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An interactive “Teens in Biz” module that gives practical tips for teens about starting their own business, creating a business plan,
and filing taxes.
An updated version of this CD is available each year in early April. You can get a free copy by calling 1-800-829-3676 or
by visiting
www.irs.gov/smallbiz.
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