2003 Tax Help Archives  
Publication 556 2003 Tax Year

Publication 556
Main Contents

This is archived information that pertains only to the 2003 Tax Year. If you
are looking for information for the current tax year, go to the Tax Prep Help Area.

Examination of Returns

Your return may be examined for a variety of reasons, and the examination may take place in any one of several ways. After the examination, if any changes to your tax are proposed, you can either agree with those changes and pay any additional tax, or you can disagree with the changes and appeal the decision.

Examination selection criteria.

Your tax return can be selected for examination on the basis of computer scoring. A computer program called the Discriminant Function System (DiF) assigns a numeric score to each individual and some corporate tax returns after they have been processed. If your tax return is selected from DiF, it has received a high score. This means that there is a high potential for an examination of your return to result in change to your income tax liability.

Your return can also be selected for examination on the basis of information received from third-party documentation, such as Forms 1099 and W–2, that does not match the information reported on the tax return. Or, your return can be selected to address both the questionable treatment of an item and to study the behavior of similar taxpayers (a market segment) in handling a tax issue.

In addition, your return can be selected as a result of information received from other sources on potential noncompliance with the tax laws or inaccurate filing. This information can come from a number of sources, including the media, public records, or possibly informants. The information is evaluated for reliability and accuracy before it is used as the basis of an examination or investigation.

Notice of IRS contact of third parties.

The IRS must give you reasonable notice before contacting other persons, that in examining or collecting your tax liability the IRS may contact third parties such as your neighbors, banks, employers, or employees. The IRS must also give you notice of specific contacts by providing you with a record of persons contacted on both a periodic basis and upon your request.

Caution

This provision does not apply:

  • To any pending criminal investigation,
  • When providing notice would jeopardize collection of any tax liability,
  • Where providing notice may result in reprisal against any person, or
  • When you authorized the contact.

If Your Return Is Examined

Some examinations are handled entirely by mail. Examinations not handled by mail can take place in your home, your place of business, an Internal Revenue office, or the office of your attorney, accountant, or enrolled agent. If the time, place, or method is not convenient for you, the examiner will try to work out something more suitable. However, the IRS makes the final determination of when, where, and how the examination will take place.

Throughout the examination, you can act on your own behalf or have someone represent you or accompany you. If you filed a joint return, either you or your spouse, or both, can meet with the IRS. You can have someone represent or accompany you. This person can be any federally authorized practitioner, including an attorney, a certified public accountant, an enrolled agent (a person enrolled to practice before the IRS), an enrolled actuary, or the person who prepared the return and signed it as the preparer.

If you want someone to represent you in your absence, you must furnish that representative with written authorization. Make the authorization on Form 2848 or any other properly written authorization. If you want to consult an attorney, a certified public accountant, an enrolled agent, or any other person permitted to represent a taxpayer during an interview for examining a tax return or collecting tax, IRS will suspend the interview and reschedule it. IRS cannot suspend the interview if you are there because of an administrative summons.

Paid preparer authorization.

If you checked the box in the signature area of your Form 1040 to authorize the IRS to discuss your tax return with your paid preparer, this authorization does not replace Form 2848. The box you checked on Form 1040 only authorizes the preparer to receive information about the processing of your return and the status of your refund during the period your return is being processed. For more information, see the instructions for Form 1040.

Confidentiality privilege.

Generally, the same confidentiality protection that you have with an attorney also applies to certain communications that you have with federally authorized practitioners.

Caution

This confidentiality protection cannot be used by you in any administrative or court proceeding with an agency other than the IRS.

Confidential communications are those that:

  • Advise you on tax matters within the scope of the practitioner's authority to practice before the IRS,
  • Would be confidential between an attorney and you, and
  • Relate to noncriminal tax matters before the IRS, or
  • Relate to noncriminal tax proceedings brought in federal court by or against the United States.

The confidentiality privilege does not apply to any written communication that:

  • Takes place between a federally authorized practitioner and a corporate director, shareholder, officer, employee, agent, or representative, and
  • Promotes the corporation's participation in a tax shelter.

A tax shelter is any entity, plan, arrangement, or transaction, a significant purpose of which is the avoidance or evasion of income tax.

Tape recordings.

You can make an audio recording of the examination interview. Your request to record the interview should be made in writing. You must notify the examiner 10 days in advance and bring your own recording equipment. The IRS also can record an examination. If the IRS initiates the recording, you must be notified 10 days in advance and you can get a copy of the recording at your expense.

Transfers to another district.

Generally, your return is examined in the IRS district where you live. But if your return can be examined more quickly and conveniently in another district, such as where your books and records are located, you can ask to have the case transferred to that district.

Repeat examinations.

The IRS tries to avoid repeat examinations of the same items, but sometimes this happens. If your tax return was examined for the same items in either of the 2 previous years and no change was proposed to your tax liability, please contact the IRS as soon as possible to see if the examination should be discontinued.

The Examination

An examination usually begins when you are notified that your return has been selected. The IRS will tell you which records you will need. If you gather your records before the examination, it can be completed with the least effort.

Any proposed changes to your return will be explained to you or your authorized representative. It is important that you understand the reasons for any proposed changes. You should not hesitate to ask about anything that is unclear to you.

The IRS must follow the tax laws set forth by Congress in the Internal Revenue Code. The IRS also follows Treasury Regulations, other rules, and procedures that were written to administer the tax laws. The IRS also follows court decisions. However, the IRS can lose cases that involve taxpayers with the same issue and still apply its interpretation of the law to your situation.

Most taxpayers agree to changes proposed by examiners, and the examinations are closed at this level. If you do not agree, you can appeal any proposed change by following the procedures provided to you by the IRS. A more complete discussion of appeal rights is found later.

If You Agree

If you agree with the proposed changes, you can sign an agreement form and pay any additional tax you may owe. You must pay interest on any additional tax. If you pay when you sign the agreement, the interest is generally figured from the due date of your return to the date of your payment.

If you do not pay the additional tax when you sign the agreement, you will receive a bill that includes interest. If you pay the amount due within 10 business days of the billing date, you will not have to pay more interest or penalties. This period is extended to 21 calendar days if the amount due is less than $100,000.

If you are due a refund, you will receive it sooner if you sign the agreement form. You will be paid interest on the refund.

If the IRS accepts your tax return as filed, you will receive a letter in a few weeks stating that the examiner proposed no changes to your return. You should keep this letter with your tax records.

If You Do Not Agree

If you do not agree with the proposed changes, the examiner will explain your appeal rights. If your examination takes place in an IRS office, you can request an immediate meeting with the examiner's supervisor to explain your position. If an agreement is reached, your case will be closed.

If you cannot reach an agreement with the supervisor at this meeting, or if the examination took place outside of an IRS office, the examiner will write up your case explaining your position and the IRS' position. The examiner will forward your case to the district office for processing.

Fast track mediation.

The IRS now offers fast track mediation services to help taxpayers resolve many disputes resulting from:

  • Examinations (audits),
  • Offers in compromise,
  • Trust fund recovery penalties, and
  • Other collection actions.

Most cases that are not docketed in any court qualify for fast track mediation. Mediation can take place as early as a conference you request with the examiner's supervisor. The process involves an Appeals Officer who has been trained in mediation. You may represent yourself at the mediation session, or someone else can act as your representative. For more information, see Publication 3605.

Within a few weeks after your closing conference with the examiner and/or supervisor, you will receive a package with:

  • A letter (known as a 30-day letter) notifying you of your right to appeal the proposed changes within 30 days,
  • A copy of the examination report explaining the examiner's proposed changes,
  • An agreement or waiver form, and
  • A copy of Publication 5.

You generally have 30 days from the date of the 30-day letter to tell the IRS whether you will accept or appeal the proposed changes. The letter will explain what steps you should take, depending on which action you choose. Be sure to follow the instructions carefully. Appeal Rights are explained later.

Caution

If you do not respond to the 30-day letter, or if you later do not reach an agreement with an Appeals officer, the IRS will send you a 90-day letter, which is also known as a notice of deficiency.

You will have 90 days (150 days if it is addressed to you outside the United States) from the date of this notice to file a petition with the Tax Court. Filing a petition with the Tax Court is discussed later under Appeals to the Courts and Tax Court.

Tip

The notice will show the 90th (and 150th) day by which you must file your petition with the Tax Court.

Suspension of interest and penalties.

Generally, the IRS has 3 years from the date you filed your return (or the date the return was due, if later) to assess any additional tax. However, interest and certain penalties will be suspended if the IRS does not mail a notice to you, stating your liability and the basis for that liability, within an 18-month period beginning on the later of:

  • The date on which you timely filed your tax return, or
  • The due date (without extensions) of your tax return.

If the IRS mails a notice stating your liability and the basis for that liability after the 18-month period, interest and certain penalties applicable to the suspension period will be suspended.

Note.

The suspension only applies to timely filers of individual income tax returns for tax years ending after July 22, 1998. Also, for tax years beginning after 2003, the suspension period will apply if the IRS does not mail the notice stating your liability and the basis for that liability within a 1-year period (rather than 18 months).

The suspension period begins the day after the close of the 18-month period and ends 21 days after the IRS mails a notice to you stating your liability and the basis for that liability. Also, the suspension period applies separately to each notice stating your liability and the basis for that liability received by you.

Caution

The suspension does not apply to a:

  • Failure-to-pay penalty,
  • Penalty, interest, addition to tax, or additional amount with respect to any tax liability shown on your return,
  • Fraudulent tax return, or
  • Criminal penalty.

If you later agree.

If you agree with the examiner's changes after receiving the examination report or the 30-day letter, sign and return either the examination report or the waiver. Keep a copy for your records. You can pay any additional amount you owe without waiting for a bill. Include interest on the additional tax at the applicable rate. This interest rate is usually for the period from the due date of the return to the date of payment. The examiner can tell you the interest rate(s) or help you figure the amount.

You must pay interest on penalties and on additional tax for failing to file returns, for overstating valuations, for understating valuations on estate and gift tax returns, and for substantially understating tax liability. Interest is generally figured from the date (including extensions) the tax return is required to be filed to the date you pay the penalty and/or additional tax.

If you pay the amount due within 10 business days after the date of notice and demand for immediate payment, you will not have to pay any additional penalties and interest. This period is extended to 21 calendar days if the amount due is less than $100,000.

How To Stop Interest From Accruing

If you think that you will owe additional tax at the end of the examination, you can stop the further accrual of interest on the amount you think you will owe. You can do this by sending money to the IRS to cover all or part of the amount you think you will owe. Interest will stop accruing on any part of the amount you cover when the IRS receives your money.

You can send an amount either in the form of a deposit (cash bond) or as a payment of tax. Both a deposit and a payment stop any further accrual of interest. However, making a deposit or payment of tax will stop the accrual of interest on only the amount you sent. Because of compounding rules, interest will accrue on accrued interest, even if you have paid the underlying tax.

Tip

To stop the accrual of interest on both tax and interest, you must make a deposit or payment for both the tax and interest that has accrued as of the date of deposit or payment.

Payment or Deposit

Deposits differ from payments in two ways:

  1. You can have all or part of your deposit returned to you without filing for a refund. However, if you request and receive your deposit and the IRS later assesses a deficiency for that period and type of tax, interest will be figured as if the funds were never on deposit. Also, your deposit will not be returned if one of the following situations applies:

    1. The IRS assesses a tax liability.
    2. The IRS determines, that by returning the deposit, it may not be able to collect a future deficiency.
    3. The IRS determines that the deposit should be applied against another tax liability.

  2. Deposits do not earn interest. No interest will be included when a deposit is returned to you.

Notice not mailed.

If you send money before the IRS mails you a notice of deficiency, you can ask the IRS to treat it as a deposit. You must make your request in writing.

If, after being notified of a proposed liability but before the IRS mails you a notice of deficiency, you send an amount large enough to cover the proposed liability, it will be considered a payment unless you request in writing that it be treated as a deposit.

If the amount you send is at least as much as the proposed liability and you do not request that it be treated as a deposit, the IRS will not send you a notice of deficiency. If you do not receive a notice of deficiency, you cannot take your case to the Tax Court. See Tax Court, later.

Notice mailed.

If, after the IRS mails the notice of deficiency, you send money without written instructions, it will be treated as a payment. You will still be able to petition the Tax Court.

If you send money after receiving a notice of deficiency and you have specified in writing that it is a “deposit in the nature of a cash bond,” the IRS will treat it as a deposit if you send it before either:

  • The close of the 90-day or 150-day period for filing a petition with the Tax Court to appeal the deficiency, or
  • The date the Tax Court decision is final, if you have filed a petition.

Using a Deposit To Pay the Tax

If you agree with the examiner's proposed changes after the examination, your deposit will be applied against any amount you may owe. The IRS will not mail you a notice of deficiency and you will not have the right to take your case to the Tax Court.

If you do not agree to the full amount of the deficiency after the examination, the IRS will mail you a notice of deficiency. Your deposit will be applied against the proposed deficiency unless you write to the IRS before the end of the 90-day or 150-day period stating that you still want the money to be treated as a deposit. You will still have the right to take your case to the Tax Court. See If You Do Not Agree, discussed earlier.

Installment Agreement Request

You can request a monthly installment plan if you cannot pay the full amount you owe. To be valid, your request must be approved by the IRS. However, if you owe $10,000 or less in tax and you meet certain other criteria, the IRS must accept your request.

Tip

Before you request an installment agreement, you should consider other less costly alternatives, such as a bank loan. You will be charged interest on the amount you owe and you may be charged a late payment penalty on any installment not paid by its due date. There is also a $43 fee if your installment agreement is approved.

For more information about installment agreements, see Form 9465, Installment Agreement Request.

Interest Netting

If you owe interest to the IRS on an underpayment for the same period the IRS owes you interest on an overpayment, you will be charged interest on the amount of the underpayment (up to the amount of the overpayment) at the overpayment interest rate. As a result, the net rate is zero for that period.

Abatement of Interest
Due to Error or Delay by the IRS

The IRS may abate (reduce) the amount of interest you owe if the interest is due to an unreasonable error or delay by an IRS officer or employee performing a ministerial or managerial act (discussed later). Only the amount of interest on income, estate, gift, generation-skipping, and certain excise taxes can be reduced.

Note.

Interest due to an error or delay in performing a managerial act can be reduced only if it accrued with respect to a deficiency or payment for a tax year beginning after July 30, 1996.

The amount of interest will not be reduced if you or anyone related to you contributed significantly to the error or delay. Also, the interest will be reduced only if the error or delay happened after the IRS contacted you in writing about the deficiency or payment on which the interest is based. An audit notification letter is such a contact.

The IRS cannot reduce the amount of interest due to a general administrative decision, such as a decision on how to organize the processing of tax returns.

Ministerial act.

This is a procedural or mechanical act, not involving the exercise of judgment or discretion, during the processing of a case after all prerequisites (for example, conferences and review by supervisors) have taken place. A decision concerning the proper application of federal tax law (or other federal or state law) is not a ministerial act.

Example 1.

You move from one state to another before the IRS selects your tax return for examination. A letter stating that your return has been selected is sent to your old address and then forwarded to your new address. When you get the letter, you respond with a request that the examination be transferred to the district office closest to your new address. The examination group manager approves your request. After your request has been approved, the transfer is a ministerial act. The IRS can reduce the interest because of any unreasonable delay in transferring the case.

Example 2.

An examination of your return reveals tax due for which a notice of deficiency (90-day letter) will be issued. After you and the IRS discuss the issues, the notice is prepared and reviewed. After the review process, issuing the notice of deficiency is a ministerial act. If there is an unreasonable delay in sending the notice of deficiency to you, the IRS can reduce the interest resulting from the delay.

Managerial act.

This is an administrative act during the processing of a case that involves the loss of records or the exercise of judgment or discretion concerning the management of personnel. A decision concerning the proper application of federal tax law (or other federal or state law) is not a managerial act.

Example.

A revenue agent is examining your tax return. During the middle of the examination, the agent is sent to an extended training course. The agent's supervisor decides not to reassign your case, so the work is unreasonably delayed until the agent returns. Interest from the unreasonable delay can be abated since both the decision to send the agent to the training class and not to reassign the case are managerial acts.

How to request abatement of interest.

You request an abatement (reduction) of interest on Form 843. You should file the claim with the IRS service center where you filed the tax return that was affected by the error or delay. If you do not remember the service center where you filed that tax return, send your claim to the service center where you filed your last tax return.

If you have already paid the interest and you would like a credit or refund of interest paid, you must file Form 843 within 3 years from the date you filed your original return or 2 years from the date you paid the interest, whichever is later. If you have not paid any of the interest, these time limitations for filing Form 843 do not apply.

Generally, you should file a separate Form 843 for each tax period and each type of tax. However, complete only one Form 843 if the interest is from an IRS error or delay that affected your tax for more than one tax period or for more than one type of tax (for example, where two or more tax years were being examined). You do not have to figure the dollar amounts of interest that you want lowered.

If your request for abatement of interest is denied, you can appeal the decision to the IRS Appeals Office.

Failure to abate interest may be reviewable by Tax Court.

The Tax Court can review the IRS' refusal to abate (reduce) interest when all of the following requirements are met.

  1. You have filed a request for abatement of interest (Form 843) with the IRS.
  2. The IRS has not denied your request for abatement before July 31, 1996.
  3. The IRS has mailed you a notice of final determination or a notice of disallowance.
  4. You have filed a petition for review of failure to abate interest under Code section 6404 with the Tax Court within 180 days of the mailing of the notice of final determination or the notice of disallowance.

You must also meet the following requirements.

  1. For individual and estate taxpayers — your net worth must not exceed $2 million as of the filing date of your petition for review. For this purpose, individuals filing a joint return shall be treated as separate individuals.
  2. For charities and certain cooperatives — you must not have more than 500 employees as of the filing date of your petition for review.
  3. For all other taxpayers — your net worth must not exceed $7 million, and you must not have more than 500 employees as of the filing date of your petition for review.

Abatement of Interest for Individuals in Disaster Areas or Affected by Terrorist Attacks

If you live in an area declared a disaster area by the President after 1996 or you have been affected by a terrorist attack, the IRS may abate (reduce) interest on income tax for the length of any extension period granted for filing income tax returns and paying income tax.

If you were granted an extension, but were charged interest on income tax owed during the declared disaster period, the IRS may retroactively abate your interest. To the extent possible the IRS can do the following.

  • Make appropriate adjustments to your account.
  • Notify you when the adjustments are made.
  • Refund any interest paid by you where appropriate.

For more information on disaster area losses, see Disaster Area Losses in Publication 547, Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts. For more information on tax relief resulting from terrorist attacks, see Publication 3920.

Offer in Compromise

In certain circumstances, the IRS will allow you to pay less than the full amount you owe. If you think you may qualify, you should submit your offer by filing Form 656, Offer in Compromise. The IRS may accept your offer for any of the following reasons.

  • There is doubt about the amount you owe (or whether you owe it).
  • There is doubt as to whether you can pay the amount you owe based on your financial situation.
  • An economic hardship would result if you had to pay the full amount owed.
  • Regardless of your financial circumstances, payment of the full amount owed would harm voluntary compliance by you or other taxpayers.

If your offer is rejected, you have 30 days to ask the Appeals Office of the IRS to reconsider your offer.

Tip

The IRS offers fast track mediation services to help taxpayers resolve many issues including a dispute regarding an offer in compromise. For more information, see Publication 3605.

Generally, if you submit an offer in compromise, the IRS will delay certain collection activities. The IRS usually will not levy (take) your property to settle your tax bill during the following periods.

  • While your offer in compromise is being evaluated by the IRS.
  • For 30 days immediately after the offer is rejected.
  • During any period that your timely-filed appeal is being considered by Appeals.

Also, if the IRS rejects your original offer and you submit a revised offer within 30 days of the rejection, the IRS generally will not levy your property while it considers your revised offer.

For more information about submitting an offer in compromise, see Form 656.

Appeal Rights

Because people sometimes disagree on tax matters, the Service has an appeals system. Most differences can be settled within this system without expensive and time-consuming court trials.

However, your reasons for disagreeing must come within the scope of the tax laws. For example, you cannot appeal your case based only on moral, religious, political, constitutional, conscientious, or similar grounds.

In most instances, you may be eligible to take your case to court if you do not reach an agreement at your appeals conference, or if you do not want to appeal your case to the IRS Office of Appeals. See Appeals to the Courts, later, for more information.

Appeal Within the IRS

You can appeal an IRS tax decision to a local Appeals Office, which is separate and independent of your local IRS office, service or compliance center. The Appeals Office is the only level of appeal within the IRS. Conferences with Appeals Office personnel are held in an informal manner by correspondence, by telephone, or at a personal conference.

If you want an appeals conference, follow the instructions in the letter you received. Your request will be sent to the Appeals Office to arrange a conference at a convenient time and place. You or your representative should be prepared to discuss all disputed issues at the conference. Most differences are settled at this level.

In most instances, if agreement is not reached at your appeals conference, you can, at any time, take your case to court. See Appeals to the Courts, later.

Protests and Small Case Requests

When you request an Appeals conference, you may also need to file either a formal written protest or a small case request with the office named in the letter you received. Also see the special appeal request procedures in Publication 1660.

Written protest.

You need to file a written protest:

  • In all employee plan and exempt organization cases without regard to the dollar amount at issue,
  • In all partnership and S corporation cases without regard to the dollar amount at issue, and
  • In all other cases, unless you qualify for the small case request procedure, or other special appeal procedures such as requesting Appeals consideration of liens, levies, seizures, or installment agreements. See Publication 1660.

If you must submit a written protest, see the instructions in Publication 5 about the information you need to provide. The IRS urges you to provide as much information as you can, as it will help speed up your appeal. That will save you both time and money.

Caution

Be sure to send the protest within the time limit specified in the letter you received.

Small case request.

If the total amount for any tax period is not more than $25,000, you may make a small case request instead of filing a formal written protest. In computing the total amount, include a proposed increase or decrease in tax (including penalties), or claimed refund. For an offer in compromise, in calculating the total amount, include total unpaid tax, penalty, and interest due. For a small case request, follow the instructions in our letter to you by sending a letter:

  • Requesting Appeals consideration,
  • Indicating the changes you do not agree with, and
  • Indicating the reasons why you do not agree.

Representation

You can represent yourself at your appeals conference, or you can be represented by any federally authorized practitioner, including an attorney, a certified public accountant, an enrolled actuary, or an enrolled agent.

If your representative attends a conference without you, he or she can receive or inspect confidential information only if you have filed a power of attorney or a tax information authorization. You can use a Form 2848 or any other properly written power of attorney or authorization.

You can also bring witnesses to support your position.

Confidentiality privilege.

Generally, the same confidentiality protection that you have with an attorney also applies to certain communications that you have with federally authorized practitioners. See Confidentiality privilege under If Your Return Is Examined, earlier.

Appeals to the Courts

If you and the IRS still disagree after the appeals conference, you can take your case to the United States Tax Court, the United States Court of Federal Claims, or the United States District Court. These courts are independent of the IRS.

If you elect to bypass the IRS' appeals system, you also can take your case to one of the courts listed above. However, a case petitioned to the United States Tax Court will normally be considered for settlement by an Appeals Office before the Tax Court hears the case.

Caution

If you unreasonably fail to pursue the IRS' appeals system, or if your case is intended primarily to cause a delay, or your position is frivolous or groundless, the Tax Court may impose a penalty of up to $25,000. See Appeal Within the IRS, earlier.

Prohibition on requests to taxpayers to give up rights to bring civil action.

The Government cannot ask you to waive your right to sue the United States or a Government officer or employee for any action taken in connection with the tax laws. However, your right to sue can be waived if:

  • You knowingly and voluntarily waive that right,
  • The request to waive that right is made in writing to your attorney or other federally authorized practitioner, or
  • The request is made in person and your attorney or other representative is present.

Burden of proof.

For court proceedings resulting from examinations started after July 22, 1998, the IRS has the burden of proof for any factual issue if you have introduced credible evidence relating to the issue. However, you also must have:

  • Complied with all substantiation requirements of the Internal Revenue Code,
  • Maintained all records required by the Internal Revenue Code,
  • Cooperated with all reasonable requests by the IRS for information regarding the preparation and related tax treatment of any item reported on your tax return, and
  • Had a net worth of $7 million or less at the time your tax liability is contested in any court proceeding if your tax return is for a corporation, partnership, or trust.

Caution

You must still keep and maintain records needed by the IRS to verify that all taxes have been properly determined and computed even if the IRS has the burden of proof on disputed factual issues.

Caution

The burden of proof does not change on an issue when another provision of the tax laws requires a specific burden of proof with respect to that issue.

Use of statistical information.

The IRS has the burden of proof in court proceedings based on any reconstruction of income, for an individual taxpayer, solely through the use of statistical information on unrelated taxpayers.

Penalties.

The IRS has the burden of initially producing evidence in court proceedings with respect to the liability of any individual taxpayer for any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount imposed by the tax laws.

Recovering litigation or administrative costs.

These are the expenses that you pay to defend your position to the IRS or the courts. You may be able to recover reasonable litigation or administrative costs if you are the prevailing party and if:

  • You exhaust all administrative remedies within the IRS,
  • Your net worth is below a certain limit (see Net worth requirements, later),
  • You do not unreasonably delay the proceeding, and
  • You apply for these costs within 90 days of the date on which the final decision of the IRS as to the determination of the tax, interest, or penalty was mailed to you.

Note.

If the IRS denies your award of administrative costs, and you want to appeal, you must petition the Tax Court within 90 days of the date on which the IRS mails the denial notice.

Prevailing party.

Generally, you are the prevailing party if:

  1. You substantially prevail with respect to the amount in controversy or on the most significant tax issue or set of issues in question, and
  2. You meet the net worth requirements, discussed later.

You will not be treated as the prevailing party if the United States establishes that its position was substantially justified. The position of the United States is presumed not to be substantially justified if the IRS:

  • Did not follow its applicable published guidance (such as regulations, revenue rulings, notices, announcements, and private letter rulings and determination letters issued to the taxpayer) in the proceeding (This presumption can be overcome by evidence.), or
  • Has lost in courts of appeal for other circuits on substantially similar issues.

The court will generally decide who is the prevailing party.

Reasonable litigation costs.

These costs include the following:

  1. The reasonable costs of studies, analyses, engineering reports, tests, or projects found by the court to be necessary for the preparation of your case,
  2. The reasonable costs of expert witnesses,
  3. Attorney fees that generally may not exceed $150 per hour for calendar year 2002. The hourly rate is indexed for inflation. See Attorney fees later.

Reasonable administrative costs.

These costs include the following:

  1. Any administrative fees or similar charges imposed by the IRS,
  2. The reasonable costs of studies, analyses, engineering reports, tests, or projects,
  3. The reasonable costs of expert witnesses, and
  4. Attorney fees that generally may not exceed $150 per hour for calendar year 2002.

Timing of costs.

Administrative costs can be awarded for costs incurred after the earliest of:

  • The date the first letter of proposed deficiency is sent that allows you an opportunity to request administrative review in the IRS Office of Appeals,
  • The date you receive notice of the IRS Office of Appeals' decision, or
  • The date of the notice of deficiency.

Net worth requirements.

An individual taxpayer may be able to recover litigation or administrative costs when certain requirements are met:

  • For individual and estate taxpayers — your net worth must not exceed $2 million as of the filing date of your petition for review. For this purpose, individuals filing a joint return shall be treated as separate individuals.
  • For charities and certain cooperatives — you must not have more than 500 employees as of the filing date of your petition for review.
  • For all other taxpayers — your net worth must not exceed $7 million, and you must not have more than 500 employees as of the filing date of your petition for review.

Qualified offer rule.

You can also receive reasonable costs and fees and be treated as a prevailing party in a civil action or proceeding when:

  1. You make a qualified offer to the IRS to settle your case,
  2. The IRS does not accept that offer, and
  3. The tax liability (not including interest) later determined by the court is equal to or less than the amount of your qualified offer.

You must also meet the net worth requirements, discussed earlier, to get the benefit of the qualified offer rule.

Qualified offer.

This is a written offer made by you during the qualified offer period. It must specify:

  • The amount of your liability (not including interest), and
  • That it is a qualified offer when made.

It must also remain open until the earliest of:

  • The date the offer is rejected,
  • The date the trial begins, or
  • 90 days from the date of the offer.

Qualified offer period.

This is the period beginning with the date the first letter of proposed deficiency that allows you to request review by the IRS Office of Appeals is mailed by the IRS to you and ending on the date 30 days before the date your case is first set for trial.

Attorney fees.

For the calendar year 2002 the basic rate for attorney fees is $150 per hour and can be higher in certain circumstances. Those circumstances include the difficulty of the issues in the case and the local availability of tax expertise. The basic rate will be subject to a cost-of-living adjustment each year.

Tip

Attorney fees include the fees paid by a taxpayer for the services of anyone who is authorized to practice before the Tax Court or before the IRS. In addition, attorney fees can be awarded in civil actions for unauthorized inspection or disclosure of a taxpayer's return or return information.

Fees can be awarded in excess of the actual amount charged if:

  • The taxpayer is represented for no fee, or for a nominal fee, as a pro bono service, and
  • The award is paid to the taxpayer's representative or to the representative's employer.

Jurisdiction for determination of employment status.

The Tax Court can review IRS employment status determinations (for example, whether individuals hired by a taxpayer are in fact employees of that taxpayer or independent contractors). Tax Court review can take place only if, in connection with an audit of any person, there is an actual controversy involving a determination by the IRS as part of an examination that:

  1. One or more individuals performing services for that person are employees of that person, or
  2. That person is not entitled to relief under section 530(a) of the Revenue Act of 1978 (discussed later).

Further:

  • A Tax Court petition to review these determinations can be filed only by the person for whom the services are performed,
  • If the taxpayer receives an IRS determination notice by certified or registered mail, the request for Tax Court review must be filed within 90 days of the date of mailing of that notice,
  • If during the Tax Court proceeding, the taxpayer begins to treat as an employee an individual whose employment status is at issue, the Tax Court will not consider that change in its decision,
  • Assessment and collection of tax is suspended while the Tax Court review is taking place,
  • There can be a de novo review by the Tax Court (a review which does not consider IRS administrative findings), and
  • At the taxpayer's request and with the Tax Court's agreement, small tax case procedures (discussed later) are available to simplify the case resolution process when the amount at issue is $50,000 or less for each calendar quarter involved.

Section 530(a) of the Revenue Act of 1978.

Briefly, this section relieves an employer of certain employment tax responsibilities for individuals treated as independent contractors and not as employees. It also provides relief to taxpayers under audit or involved in administrative or judicial proceedings.

Tax Court review of request for relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.

As discussed later, under Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return, you can request relief from liability for tax you owe, plus related penalties and interest, that you believe should be paid by your spouse (or former spouse). You also can petition (ask) the Tax Court to review your request for innocent spouse relief or your election to allocate liability if:

  • The IRS sends you a determination notice denying, in whole or in part, your request for or election of relief, or
  • You have not received a determination notice from the IRS within 6 months from the date you file Form 8857.

You must petition the Tax Court to review your request during the 90-day period that begins on the date the IRS mails you a determination notice. See Publication 971 for more information.

Tax Court

You can take your case to the United States Tax Court if you disagree with the IRS over:

  • Income tax,
  • Estate tax,
  • Gift tax, or
  • Certain excise taxes of private foundations, public charities, qualified pension and other retirement plans, or real estate investment trusts.

For information on Tax Court review of an IRS refusal to abate interest, see Failure to abate interest may be reviewable by Tax Court, earlier.

To take your case to the Tax Court, the IRS must first send you a notice of deficiency. Then, you can only appeal your case if you file a petition within 90 days from the date this notice is mailed to you (150 days if it is addressed to you outside the United States).

Tip

The notice will show the 90th (and 150th) day by which you must file your petition with the Tax Court.

Note.

If you consent, the IRS can withdraw any notice of deficiency. Once withdrawn, the limits on credits, refunds, and assessments concerning the notice are void, and you and the IRS have the rights and obligations that you had before the notice was issued. The suspension of any time limitation while the notice of deficiency was issued will not change when the notice is withdrawn.

Caution

After the notice is withdrawn, you cannot file a petition with the Tax Court based on the notice. Also, the IRS can later issue a notice of deficiency in a greater or lesser amount than the amount in the withdrawn deficiency.

Generally, the Tax Court hears cases before any tax has been assessed and paid; however, you can pay the tax after the notice of deficiency has been issued and still petition the Tax Court for review. If you do not file your petition on time, the proposed tax will be assessed, a bill will be sent, and you will not be able to take your case to the Tax Court. Under the law, you must pay the tax within 10 days. After 10 days the tax is subject to immediate collection. This collection can proceed even if you think that the amount is excessive. Publication 594 explains IRS collection procedures.

If you filed your petition on time, the Court will schedule your case for trial at a location convenient to you. You can represent yourself before the Tax Court or you can be represented by anyone admitted to practice before that Court.

Small tax case procedure.

If the amount in your case is $50,000 or less for any one tax year or period, the Tax Court has a simple alternative to solve your case. At your request and if the Tax Court approves, your case can be handled under the small tax case procedure. In this procedure, you can present your case to the Tax Court for a decision that is final and that you cannot appeal. You can get more information regarding the small tax case procedure and other Tax Court matters from the United States Tax Court, 400 Second Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20217.

Motion to request redetermination of interest.

In certain cases, you can file a motion asking the Tax Court to redetermine the amount of interest on either an underpayment or an overpayment. You can do this only in a situation that meets all of the following requirements.

  1. The IRS has assessed a deficiency that was determined by the Tax Court.
  2. The assessment included interest.
  3. You have paid the entire amount of the deficiency plus the interest claimed by the IRS.
  4. The Tax Court has found that you made an overpayment.

You must file the motion within one year after the decision of the Tax Court becomes final.

District Court and Court of Federal Claims

Generally, the District Court and the Court of Federal Claims hear tax cases only after you have paid the tax and filed a claim for a credit or refund. As explained later under Claims for Refund, you can file a claim with the IRS for a credit or refund if you think that the tax you paid is incorrect or excessive. If your claim is totally or partially disallowed by the IRS, you should receive a notice of claim disallowance. If the IRS does not act on your claim within 6 months from the date you filed it, you can then file suit for a refund. You must file suit for a credit or refund no later than 2 years after the IRS informs you that your claim has been rejected.

You can file suit for a credit or refund in your United States District Court or in the United States Court of Federal Claims. However, you cannot appeal to the United States Court of Federal Claims if your claim is for credit or refund of a penalty that relates to promoting an abusive tax shelter or to aiding and abetting the understatement of tax liability on someone else's return.

For information about procedures for filing suit in either court, contact the Clerk of your District Court or of the United States Court of Federal Claims.

Refund or Credit of Overpayments Before Final Determination

Any court with proper jurisdiction, including the Tax Court, can order the IRS to refund any part of a tax deficiency that the IRS collects from you during a period when the IRS is not permitted to assess, or to levy or engage in any court proceeding to collect that tax deficiency. In addition, the court can order a refund of any part of a tax deficiency that is not at issue in your appeal to the court. The court can order these refunds before its decision on the case is final.

Generally, the IRS is not permitted to take action on a tax deficiency during:

  1. The 90-day (or 150-day if outside the United States) period that you have to petition a notice of deficiency to the Tax Court, or
  2. The period that the case is under appeal.

Claims for Refund

Once you have paid your tax, you usually have the right to file a claim for a credit or refund if you believe the tax is too much. You can claim a credit or refund by filing Form 1040X.

File your claim by mailing it to the Internal Revenue service center where you filed your original return. File a separate form for each year or period involved. Include an explanation of each item of income, deduction, or credit on which you are basing your claim.

Corporations should file Form 1120X, Amended U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, or other form appropriate to the type of credit or refund claimed.

Tip

See Publication 3920 for information on filing claims for tax forgiveness for individuals affected by terrorist attacks.

Requesting a copy of your tax return.

You can obtain a copy of the actual return you filed with the IRS for an earlier year. Use Form 4506 to make your request. You will be charged a fee, which you must pay when you submit Form 4506.

You may also use Form 4506 to request free copies of a tax return transcript, verification of nonfiling, or Form(s) W–2 information. The transcript will give you the following information:

  • Type of return filed,
  • Marital status,
  • Tax shown on return,
  • Adjusted gross income,
  • Taxable income,
  • Self-employment tax, and
  • Number of exemptions.

Requesting a copy of your tax account information.

You can also obtain a free copy of the tax account information for your individual income tax return. Tax account information lists certain items from your return and includes any later changes made by you or the IRS. To get your tax account information, call or write to your local Internal Revenue Service office.

Time for Filing a Claim for Refund

Generally, you must file a claim for a credit or refund within 3 years from the date you filed your original return or 2 years from the date you paid the tax, whichever is later. If you do not file a claim within this period, you may no longer be entitled to a credit or a refund.

If the due date to file a return or a claim for a credit or refund is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, it is filed on time if it is filed on the next business day. Returns you filed before the due date are considered filed on the due date. This is true even when the due date is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.

Nonfilers can get refund of overpayments paid within 3-year period.

The Tax Court can consider taxes paid during the 3-year period preceding the date of a notice of deficiency for determining any refund due to a nonfiler. This means that if you do not file your return, and you receive a notice of deficiency in the third year after the due date (with extensions) of your return and file suit with the Tax Court to contest the notice of deficiency, you may be able to receive a refund of excessive amounts paid within the 3-year period preceding the date of the notice of deficiency.

Tip

The IRS may postpone for up to 1 year certain tax deadlines, including the time for filing claims for refund, for taxpayers who are affected by a terrorist attack occurring after September 10, 2001. For more information, see Publication 3920.

Claim for refund by estates electing the installment method of payment.

The executor does not need to wait until all the installment payments have been made before filing a suit for refund with a Federal District Court or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, for an estate:

  • That consists largely of an interest in a closely-held business, and
  • That elected to make tax payments through the installment method.

However, all the following must be true before a suit can be filed.

  • All installment payments due on or before the date the suit is filed have been made.
  • No accelerated installment payments have been made.
  • No Tax Court case is pending with respect to any estate tax liability.
  • The time for petitioning the Tax Court has passed if a notice of deficiency was issued to the estate regarding its liability for estate tax.
  • No proceeding is pending for a declaratory judgment by the Tax Court on whether the estate is eligible to pay tax in installments.

In addition, the executor must:

  • Not include any previously litigated issues in the current suit for refund, and
  • Not discontinue making installment payments timely, while the court considers the suit for refund.

Tip

If in its final decision on the suit for refund the court redetermines the estate's tax liability, the IRS must refund any part of the estate tax amount that is disallowed. This includes any part of the disallowed amount previously collected by the IRS.

Limit on Amount of Refund

If you file your claim within 3 years after filing your return, the credit or refund cannot be more than the part of the tax paid within the 3 years (plus any extension of time for filing your return) before you filed the claim.

Example 1.

You made estimated tax payments of $1,000 and got an automatic extension of time to August 15, 2000, to file your 1999 income tax return. When you filed your return on that date, you paid an additional $200 tax. Three years later, on August 15, 2003, you file an amended return and claim a refund of $700. Because you filed within the 3 years plus the 4-month extension period, you could get a refund of $700.

Example 2.

The situation is the same as in Example 1, except that you filed your return on October 31, 2000, 2½ months after the extension period ended. You paid an additional $200 on that date. Three years later, on October 27, 2003, you file an amended return and claim a refund of $700. Although you filed your claim within 3 years from the date you filed your original return, the refund is limited to $200. The estimated tax of $1,000 was paid before the 3 years plus the 4-month extension period.

Claim filed after the 3-year period.

If you file a claim after the 3-year period, but within 2 years from the time you paid the tax, the credit or refund cannot be more than the tax you paid within the 2 years immediately before you filed the claim.

Example.

You filed your 1999 tax return on April 17, 2000. You paid $500 in tax. On November 2, 2001, after an examination of your 1999 return, you had to pay $200 in additional tax. On May 2, 2003, you file a claim for a refund of $300. Your refund will be limited to the $200 you paid during the 2 years immediately before you filed your claim.

Exceptions

The limits on your claim for refund can be affected by the type of item that forms the basis of your claim.

Special refunds.

If you file a claim for refund based on one of the items listed below, the limits discussed earlier under Time for Filing a Claim for Refund may not apply. These special items are:

  • A bad debt,
  • A worthless security,
  • A payment or accrual of foreign tax,
  • A net operating loss carryback, and
  • A carryback of certain tax credits.

The limits discussed earlier also may not apply if you have signed an agreement to extend the period of assessment of tax.

Tip

For information on special rules on filing claims for an individual affected by a terrorist attack, see Publication 3920.

Periods of financial disability.

The period of limitations on credits and refunds (3 years from the time you file your return or 2 years from the time you paid your tax) can be suspended during periods when you, an individual taxpayer, cannot manage your financial affairs because of physical or mental impairment that is medically determinable and either:

  • Has lasted or can be expected to last continuously for at least 12 months, or
  • Can be expected to result in death.

Caution

The period for filing a claim for refund will not be suspended for any time that someone else, such as your spouse or guardian, was authorized to act for you in financial matters.

To claim that you were financially disabled, the following statements are to be submitted with the claim for credit or refund of tax:

  1. A written statement signed by a physician, qualified to make the determination, that sets forth:

    1. The name and a brief description of your physical or mental impairment,
    2. The physician's medical opinion that your physical or mental impairment prevented you from managing your financial affairs,
    3. The physician's medical opinion that your physical or mental impairment resulted in or can be expected to result in death, or that it has lasted (or can be expected to last) for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, and
    4. To the best of the physician's knowledge, the specific time period during which you were prevented by such physical or mental impairment from managing your financial affairs, and

  2. A written statement by you or the person signing the claim for credit or refund that no person, including your spouse, was authorized to act on your behalf in financial matters during the period described in paragraph (1)(d) of this section. Alternatively, if a person was authorized to act on your behalf in financial matters during any part of the period described in paragraph (1)(d), the beginning and ending dates of the period of time the person was so authorized.

Caution

The period of limitations will not be suspended on any claim for refund that (without regard to this provision) was barred as of July 22, 1998.

Processing Claims for Refund

Claims are usually processed shortly after they are filed. Your claim may be denied, accepted as filed, or it may be examined. If a claim is examined, the procedures are almost the same as in the examination of a tax return.

However, if you are filing a claim for credit or refund based only on contested income tax or on estate tax or gift tax issues considered in previously examined returns and you do not want to appeal within the IRS, you should request in writing that the claim be immediately rejected. A notice of claim disallowance will then be promptly sent to you. You have 2 years from the date of mailing of the notice of disallowance to file a refund suit in the United States District Court or in the United States Court of Federal Claims.

Explanation of Any Claim for
Refund Disallowance

The IRS must explain to you the specific reasons why your claim for refund is disallowed or partially disallowed. Claims for refund are disallowed based on a preliminary review or on further examination. Some of the reasons your claim may be disallowed include the following.

  • It was filed late.
  • It was based solely on the unconstitutionality of the revenue acts.
  • It was waived as part of a settlement.
  • It covered a tax year or issues which were part of a closing agreement or an offer in compromise.
  • It was related to a return closed by a final court order.

If your claim is disallowed for these, or any other reason, the IRS must send you an explanation.

Reduced Refund

Your refund may be reduced by an additional tax liability. Also, your refund may be reduced by amounts you owe for past-due child support, debts you owe to another federal agency, or past-due legally enforceable state income tax obligations. You will be notified if this happens. For those reductions, you cannot use the appeal and refund procedures discussed in this publication, but you may be able to take action against the other agency.

Offset of past-due state income tax obligations against overpayments.

Federal tax overpayments can be used to offset past-due, legally enforceable state income tax obligations. For the offset procedure to apply, your federal income tax return must show an address in the state that requests the offset. In addition, the state must first:

  • Notify you by certified mail with return receipt that the state plans to ask for an offset against your federal income tax overpayment,
  • Give you at least 60 days to show that some or all of the state income tax is not past due or not legally enforceable,
  • Consider any evidence from you in determining that income tax is past due and legally enforceable,
  • Satisfy any other requirements to ensure that there is a valid past-due, legally enforceable state income tax obligation, and
  • Show that all reasonable efforts to obtain payment have been made before requesting the offset.

Past-due, legally enforceable state income tax obligation.

This is an obligation (debt):

  1. Established by a court decision or administrative hearing and no longer subject to judicial review, or
  2. That is assessed, uncollected, can no longer be redetermined, and is less than 10 years overdue.

Offset priorities.

The amounts owed by you must be offset against your overpayments in the following order.

  1. Federal income tax owed.
  2. Past-due child support.
  3. Past-due, legally enforceable debt owed to a federal agency.
  4. Past-due, legally enforceable state income tax debt.
  5. Future federal income tax liability.

Note.

If more than one state agency requests an offset for separate debts, the offsets apply against your overpayment in the order in which the debts accrued. In addition, state income tax includes any local income tax administered by the chief tax administration agency of a state.

Note.

The Tax Court cannot decide the validity or merits of the credits or offsets (for example, collection of delinquent child support or student loan payments) made that reduce or eliminate a refund to which you were otherwise entitled.

Injured spouse exception.

When a joint return is filed and only one spouse owes past-due child and spousal support or a federal debt, the other spouse can be considered an injured spouse. An injured spouse can get a refund for his or her share of the overpayment that would otherwise be used to pay the past-due amount.

To be considered an injured spouse, you must have:

  1. Filed a joint return,
  2. Received income (such as wages, interest, etc.),
  3. Made tax payments (such as federal income tax withheld from wages or estimated tax payments) or claimed a refundable credit (such as the earned income credit), and
  4. Reported the income and tax payments on the joint return.

If you are an injured spouse, you can obtain your portion of the joint refund by completing Form 8379. Follow the instructions on the form.

Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.

Generally, joint and several liability applies to all joint returns. This means that both you and your spouse (or former spouse) are liable for any tax shown on a joint return plus any understatement of tax that may become due later. This is true even if a divorce decree states that a former spouse will be responsible for any amounts due on previously filed joint returns.

In some cases, a spouse will be relieved of the tax, interest, and penalties on a joint tax return. Three types of relief are available.

  • Innocent spouse relief.
  • Separation of liability.
  • Equitable relief.

Form 8857.

Each kind of relief is different and has different requirements. You must file Form 8857 to request relief. See the instructions for Form 8857 and Publication 971 for more information on these kinds of relief and who may qualify for them.

How To Get Tax Help

You can get help with unresolved tax issues, order free publications and forms, ask tax questions, and get more information from the IRS in several ways. By selecting the method that is best for you, you will have quick and easy access to tax help.

Contacting your Taxpayer Advocate.

If you have attempted to deal with an IRS problem unsuccessfully, you should contact your Taxpayer Advocate.

The Taxpayer Advocate represents your interests and concerns within the IRS by protecting your rights and resolving problems that have not been fixed through normal channels. While Taxpayer Advocates cannot change the tax law or make a technical tax decision, they can clear up problems that resulted from previous contacts and ensure that your case is given a complete and impartial review.

To contact your Taxpayer Advocate:

  • Call the Taxpayer Advocate at 1–877–777–4778.
  • Call the IRS at 1–800–829–1040.
  • Call, write, or fax the Taxpayer Advocate office in your area.
  • Call 1–800–829–4059 if you are a TTY/TDD user.

For more information, see Publication 1546, The Taxpayer Advocate Service of the IRS.

Free tax services.

To find out what services are available, get Publication 910, Guide to Free Tax Services. It contains a list of free tax publications and an index of tax topics. It also describes other free tax information services, including tax education and assistance programs and a list of TeleTax topics.

Access by computer

Personal computer. With your personal computer and modem, you can access the IRS on the Internet at www.irs.gov. While visiting our web site, you can:

  • Find answers to questions you may have.
  • Download forms and publications or search for forms and publications by topic or keyword.
  • View forms that may be filled in electronically, print the completed form, and then save the form for recordkeeping.
  • View Internal Revenue Bulletins published in the last few years.
  • Search regulations and the Internal Revenue Code.
  • Receive our electronic newsletters on hot tax issues and news.
  • Get information on starting and operating a small business.

You can also reach us with your computer using File Transfer Protocol at ftp.irs.gov.

Request information by fax

TaxFax Service. Using the phone attached to your fax machine, you can receive forms and instructions by calling 703–368–9694. Follow the directions from the prompts. When you order forms, enter the catalog number for the form you need. The items you request will be faxed to you.

For help with transmission problems, call the FedWorld Help Desk at 703–487–4608.

Request information by phone

Phone. Many services are available by phone.

  • Ordering forms, instructions, and publications. Call 1–800–829–3676 to order current and prior year forms, instructions, and publications.
  • Asking tax questions. Call the IRS with your tax questions at 1–800–829–1040.
  • TTY/TDD equipment. If you have access to TTY/TDD equipment, call 1–800–829–4059 to ask tax questions or to order forms and publications.
  • TeleTax topics. Call 1–800–829–4477 to listen to pre-recorded messages covering various tax topics.


Evaluating the quality of our telephone services. To ensure that IRS representatives give accurate, courteous, and professional answers, we evaluate the quality of our telephone services in several ways.

  • A second IRS representative sometimes monitors live telephone calls. That person only evaluates the IRS assistor and does not keep a record of any taxpayer's name or tax identification number.
  • We sometimes record telephone calls to evaluate IRS assistors objectively. We hold these recordings no longer than one week and use them only to measure the quality of assistance.
  • We value our customers' opinions. Throughout this year, we will be surveying our customers for their opinions on our service.

Request most forms at post offices and libraries.

Walk-in. You can walk in to many post offices, libraries, and IRS offices to pick up certain forms, instructions, and publications. Some IRS offices, libraries, grocery stores, copy centers, city and county governments, credit unions, and office supply stores have an extensive collection of products available to print from a CD-ROM or photocopy from reproducible proofs. Also, some IRS offices and libraries have the Internal Revenue Code, regulations, Internal Revenue Bulletins, and Cumulative Bulletins available for research purposes.

Envelope

Mail. You can send your order for forms, instructions, and publications to the Distribution Center nearest to you and receive a response within 10 workdays after your request is received. Find the address that applies to your part of the country.

  • Western part of U.S.:
    Western Area Distribution Center
    Rancho Cordova, CA 95743–0001
  • Central part of U.S.:
    Central Area Distribution Center
    P.O. Box 8903
    Bloomington, IL 61702–8903
  • Eastern part of U.S. and foreign addresses:
    Eastern Area Distribution Center
    P.O. Box 85074
    Richmond, VA 23261–5074

Request information on CDROM

CD-ROM. You can order IRS Publication 1796, Federal Tax Products on CD-ROM, and obtain:

  • Current tax forms, instructions, and publications.
  • Prior-year tax forms and instructions.
  • Popular tax forms that may be filled in electronically, printed out for submission, and saved for recordkeeping.
  • Internal Revenue Bulletins.

The CD-ROM can be purchased from National Technical Information Service (NTIS) by calling 1–877–233–6767 or on the Internet at www.irs.gov. The first release is available in mid-December and the final release is available in late January.

IRS Publication 3207, Small Business Resource Guide, is an interactive CD-ROM that contains information important to small businesses. It is available in mid-February. You can get a free copy by calling 1–800–829–3676 or visiting the IRS web site at www.irs.gov.

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