The United States income tax is a pay–as–you–go tax, which means that tax must be paid as you earn or receive your income during the year. There are two ways to pay as you go. One is through tax withholding and the other is through estimated tax payments. Topic 355 provides information on paying estimated tax. If you do not pay enough tax through withholding or estimated tax payments, you may have to pay a penalty for underpayment of estimated tax. Generally, most taxpayers will have paid enough tax to avoid this penalty if they have paid at least 90% of the tax shown on the return for the current year, or 100% of the tax shown on the return for the prior year, whichever is smaller. There are also special rules for farmers and fishermen. Please refer to Publication 505, Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax, for more information on paying estimated tax payments.

Generally, the payments must usually have been in approximately four equal amounts to avoid a penalty. However, if you made unequal payments because your income was received unevenly during the year, you may be able to avoid or lower the penalty by annualizing your income. Use Form 2210 (PDF), Underpayment of Estimated Tax by Individuals and Fiduciaries, to see if annualizing would reduce or eliminate the penalty.

The penalty may be waived if:

1. The failure to make estimated payments was caused by a casualty, disaster, or other unusual circumstance and it would be inequitable to impose the penalty, or
2. You retired (after reaching age 62) or became disabled during the tax year for which estimated payments were required to be made or in the preceding tax year, and the underpayment was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect.

Please refer to the Form 1040 Instructions or the Form 1040A Instructions for where to report the estimated tax penalty on your return.

For more information, refer to Publication 505, Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax.

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